Models of Organisational Behaviour Essay Example

Models of Organisational Behaviour Paper MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Introduction Organizations achieve their goals by creating, communicating and operating an organizational behaviour system, as shown in the figure below: Management’s Philosophy ? Values ? Vision ? Mission ? Goals Formal Organization Organizational Culture Social Environment Informal Organization Leadership ? Communication ? Group Dynamics Quality of Work Life Motivation Outcomes: ? Performance ? Employee satisfaction ? Personal growth and development I. Philosophy †¢ †¢ A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The philosophy (model) of organizational behavior held by management consists of an integrated set of assumptions and beliefs about the way things are, the purpose for these activities, and the way should be. The philosophies are sometimes implicit or explicit in the minds of managers. There are five major organizational behavior philosophies: Autocratic Custodial Supportive Collegial System B. Selected Elements of Philosophy Statement †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ We are committed to quality, cost-effectiveness and technical excellence. People should treat each other with consideration, trust and respect. Each person is valuable, is unique and makes a contribution. All employees should be unfailingly committed to excellent performance. Teamwork can and should, produce far more than sum of individual efforts. C. Two Sources of Philosophy of Organizational Behavior †¢ †¢ Fact Premises represent our descriptive view of how the world behaves. They are drawn from both behavioral science research and personal experiences. Value Premises represent our view of desirability of certain goals and activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Value premises are variable beliefs we hold and are therefore under control. II. Values †¢ †¢ The rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong Determine which are more or less important and which is more favorable A. Sample of Statement of Values Harvard University Statement of Values August 2002 Harvard University aspires to provide education and scholarship of the highest quality — to advance the frontiers of knowledge and to prepare individuals for life, work, and leadership. Achieving these aims depends on the efforts of thousands of faculty, students, and staff across the University. 2 Some of us make our contribution by engaging directly in teaching, learning, and research, others of us, by supporting and enabling those core activities in essential ways. Whatever our individual roles, and wherever we work within Harvard, we owe it to one another to uphold certain basic values of the community. These include: Respect for the rights, differences, and dignity of others Honesty and integrity in all dealings Conscientious pursuit of excellence in ones work Accountability for actions and conduct in the workplace The more we embrace these values in our daily lives, the more we create and sustain an environment of trust, cooperation, lively inquiry, and mutual understanding — and advance a commitment to education and scholarship, which all of us share. III. Vision †¢ †¢ †¢ Represents a challenging portrait of what the organization and its members can be -a possible, and desirable, future. Leaders need to create exciting projections about where the organization should go and what major changes lie ahead Once the vision is established, persistent and enthusiastic communication is required to sell it throughout the ranks of employees so they will embrace it with commitment. A. Samples of Vision Statements 1. PSBA Manila To be an institution of world-class education for youth of our country. 2. GMA Network CORPORATE VISION We are the most respected, undisputed leader in the Philippine broadcast industry and the recognized media innovator and pacesetter in Asia. We are the Filipinos’ favorite network. We are the advertisers’ preferred partner. We are the employer of choice in our industry. We provide the best returns to our shareholders. We are a key partner in promoting the best in the Filipino. 3. Procter and Gamble Be, and be recognized as, the best consumer products and services company in the world. 4. SMDC We envision SM Development Corporation to be a leading developer of world-class residences in the Philippines, uplifting Filipino lifestyles into one that is convenient, upscale yet affordable, and environment friendly. B. Mission †¢ †¢ †¢ Identifies the business the organization is in the market niches it tries to serve, the types of customers it is likely to have and the reasons for its existence. Many mission statements even include a brief listing of the competitive advantages, or strengths, or the firm believes it has. Mission statements are more descriptive and less future-oriented. C. Samples of Mi ssion Statements 1. Toyota To sustain profitable growth by providing the best customer experience and dealer support. † 2. Apple Computer 1984 To produce high-quality, low cost, easy to use products that incorporate high technology for the individual. We are proving that high technology does not have to be intimidating for non-computer experts. † IV. Goals †¢ †¢ Goals are relatively concrete formulations of achievements the organization is aiming within set periods of time, such as one to five years. Goal setting is a complex process for top management’s goals need to be merged with those of employees, who bring their psychological, social and economic needs with them to an organization. A. Samples of Goals †¢ †¢ †¢ To establish stronger relationships with 10,000 clients in Metro Manila. To minimize client complaints from 40 down to 5 per month. To increase the student population to 700 within 2 years 4 V. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, Alternative Assumptions About Employees Theory X Theory X assumes that the average person: ? ? ? ? ? Theory Y Theory Y makes the following general assumptions: ? ? Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it. Has no ambition, wants no responsibility, and would rather follow than lead. Is self-centered and therefore does not care about organizational goals. Resists change. Is gullible and not particularly intelligent. ? ? ? Work can be as natural as play and rest. People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs such as selffulfillment. Under these conditions, people will seek responsibility. Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population. Essentially, Theory X assumes that people work only for money and security. Theory X The Hard Approach and Soft Approach Under Theory X, management approaches can range from a hard approach to a soft approach. The hard approach relies on coercion, implicit threats, close supervision, and tight controls, essentially an environment of command and control. The soft approach is to be permissive and seek harmony with the hope that in return employees will cooperate when asked to do so. However, neither of these extremes is optimal. The hard approach results in hostility, purposely low-output, and hard-line union demands. The soft approach results in ever-increasing requests for more rewards in exchange for ever-decreasing work output. The optimal management approach under Theory X probably would be somewhere between these extremes. However, McGregor asserts that neither approach is appropriate because the assumptions of Theory X are not correct. The Problem with Theory X Drawing on Maslows hierarchy, McGregor argues that a satisfied need no longer motivates. Under Theory X the firm relies on money and benefits to satisfy employees lower needs, and once those needs are satisfied the source of motivation is lost. Theory X management styles in fact hinder the satisfaction of higher-level needs. Consequently, the only way that employees can attempt to satisfy their higher level needs in their work is by seeking more compensation, so it is quite predictable that they will focus on monetary rewards. While money may not be the most 5 effective way to self-fulfilment, in a Theory X environment it may be the only way. Under Theory X, people use work to satisfy their lower needs, and seek to satisfy their higher needs in their leisure time. But it is in satisfying their higher needs that employees can be most productive. McGregor makes the point that a command and control environment is not effective because it relies on lower needs as levers of motivation, but in modern society those needs already are satisfied and thus no longer are motivators. In this situation, one would expect employees to dislike their work, avoid responsibility, have no interest in organizational goals, resist change, etc. thus making Theory X a self-fulfilling prophecy. From this reasoning, McGregor proposed an alternative: Theory Y. Theory Y The higher-level needs of esteem and self-actualization are continuing needs in that they are never completely satisfied. As such, it is these higher-level needs through which employees can best be motivated. Under these assumptions, there is an opportunity to align personal goals with organizational goals by using the employees own quest for fulfillment as the motivator. McGregor stressed that Theory Y management does not imply a soft approach. McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops. Theory Y Management Implications If Theory Y holds, the firm can do many things to harness the motivational energy of its employees: Decentralization and Delegation If firms decentralize control and reduce the number of levels of management; each manager will have more subordinates and consequently will be forced to delegate some responsibility and decision making to them. ? ? Job Enlargement Broadening the scope of an employees job adds variety and opportunities to satisfy ego needs. Participative Management Consulting employees in the decision making process taps their creative capacity and provides them with some control over their work environment. Performance Appraisals Having the employee set objectives and participate in the process of evaluating how well they were met. If properly implemen ted, such an environment would result in a high level of motivation as employees work to satisfy their higher level personal needs through their jobs. VI. Paradigms/Framework †¢ †¢ Models such as X and Y are also called paradigms or frameworks of possible explanations about how things work. Any model that a manager holds usually begins with certain assumptions about people and leads to certain implications and even predictions of events. Managerial Paradigms According to Joel Barker †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ They influence managerial perceptions of the world around them. They define one’s boundaries and provide perceptions for how to behave. They encourage resistance to change, since they have worked in the past. They may either consciously or unconsciously affect one’s behavior. When new paradigms appear, they provide alternative ways of viewing the world and solving problems. VII. Five Models of Organizational Behavior Autocratic Basis of Model Power Supportive Economic Resources Custodial Leadership Collegial Partnership System Trust, community, meaning Caring, compassion Psychological ownership Self-motivation Managerial Model Employee orientation Employee psychological result Employee Needs Met Performance result Authority Money Support Teamwork Obedience Security and Benefits Job Performance Responsible Behavior Self-discipline Dependence on Dependence on Participation boss organization Subsistence Security Status and recognition Awakened drives Selfactualization Moderate enthusiasm Wide range Minimum Passive cooperation Passion and commitment to organizational goals 7 A. The Autocratic Model †¢ The autocratic model has its roots in history, and certainly, it became the prevailing model of the industrial revolution. †¢ The autocratic model depends on power. Characteristics of Autocratic Model †¢ Managerial orientation is formal, official authority. The employee orientation is obedience to a boss. †¢ Useful way to accomplish work †¢ It is an acceptable approach to guide managerial behavior when there were no wellknown alternatives, it can be useful during organization crises. B. The Custodial Model †¢ †¢ Custodial model was used during the welfare programs in 1890s and 1900s. The welfare program was later known as paterna lism. Characteristics of Custodial Model †¢ The resulting managerial orientation is toward money to pay wages and benefits. †¢ The employer looks to security needs as a motivating force. This approach leads to employee’s dependence on the organization. C. The Supportive Model †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The supportive model depends on leadership instead of power or money. Through leadership, management provides a climate to help employees grow in the interests of the organization the things of which they are capable of. The management orientation is to support the employee’s job performance This approach leads to a feeling of participation and task involvement in the organization. D. The Collegial Model †¢ †¢ The term â€Å"collegial† relates to a body of people working together cooperatively. A contingency relationship exists in which the collegial model tends to be more useful with unprogrammed work, an intellectual environment and considerable job freedom. Characteristics of Collegial Model †¢ The managerial orientation is towards teamwork. †¢ Management is the coach that builds a better team. †¢ The employee response to this situation is responsibility. E. The System Model 8 †¢ It is the result of higher meaning at work by many of today’s employees; they want more than just a paycheck and job security from their jobs. Characteristics of System Model †¢ The role of a manager becomes one of facilitating employee accomplishments through a variety of actions. †¢ Employees embrace the goal of organizational effectiveness. The employee needs that are met are of highest order (e. g. social status, esteem, autonomy, self-actualization) VIII. Conclusions About the Models Evolving Usage There is no one permanently â€Å"best† model, because what is best is contingent in what is known about human behavior in whatever environment exists at that time. †¢ The primary challenge for management is to identify the model it is actually using and then assess its current effectiveness. A manager has two key tasks—to acquire a new set of values as models evolve and to learn and apply the behavioral skills that are consistent with those values. Relation of Model to Human Needs The five models discussed in this report are closely related to human needs. Each model is built upon the accomplish ment of the other. Increasing Use of Some Models The trend toward the supportive, collegial and systems models will probably continue. Contingent Use of Other Models Though one model maybe used at any given time, some appropriate models will be given at any given time. All five models will still be used; however, an emphasis will be given to newer ones. Managerial Flexibility Managers not only need to identify their current behavioral model but also keep it flexible and current. Managers need to read, think, assess, reflect, interact with others be receptive to the growing needs and be receptive to the challenges to their thinking from their colleagues and employees. 9

Free Essays on The Great Mosque Of Cordoba

The Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain The oldest works of architecture in Spain of which rests are left go back to the megalithic culture, approximately 3000 b.C. Anyhow, they are probably not exactly what you expect to find here. Lots of Roman monuments are conserved too, among the most important being the great aqueduct of Segovia and the amphitheater of MÃ ©rida. Absolutely stunning is what Moors have left in this country. The Great Mosque of Cordoba is one of the most visited sights by tourists, the other of course being Granada's Alhambra, which, is perfectly conserved, in its original condition. The Spanish Moors created a style of their own that differs in many aspects from their traditional architecture which you may find in Africa and introduced several novelties.This style is called Caliphal style. The Christians who lived in Muslim territory were called Mozarabes, and so is called their particular architectonical style which, combines Visigothic construction technics and caliphal style. After the country was reconquered from the Muslims, Moorish architects who stayed developed another new style combining their traditional architecture with Romanesque and Gothic elements, the Mudejar style. While the Moors occupied most of Spain, there existed still Visigoth kingdoms in the country's north. There you can find important monuments of Visigoth and Romanesque styles, of the latter in particular along the "Camino de Santiago". In 12th century Gothic style was introduced in Spain, arriving to its greatest importance during 13th century when the cathedrals of Burgos, Toledo and Leon were built. Gothic in Spain combines frequently with Mudejar-elements. Plateresque style is the Spanish variation of Renaissance style. The word comes from "plata", silver, indicating that it is much richer in ornamentation than for instance Italian Renaissance style. The finest surviving example of Spanish... Free Essays on The Great Mosque Of Cordoba Free Essays on The Great Mosque Of Cordoba The Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain The oldest works of architecture in Spain of which rests are left go back to the megalithic culture, approximately 3000 b.C. Anyhow, they are probably not exactly what you expect to find here. Lots of Roman monuments are conserved too, among the most important being the great aqueduct of Segovia and the amphitheater of MÃ ©rida. Absolutely stunning is what Moors have left in this country. The Great Mosque of Cordoba is one of the most visited sights by tourists, the other of course being Granada's Alhambra, which, is perfectly conserved, in its original condition. The Spanish Moors created a style of their own that differs in many aspects from their traditional architecture which you may find in Africa and introduced several novelties.This style is called Caliphal style. The Christians who lived in Muslim territory were called Mozarabes, and so is called their particular architectonical style which, combines Visigothic construction technics and caliphal style. After the country was reconquered from the Muslims, Moorish architects who stayed developed another new style combining their traditional architecture with Romanesque and Gothic elements, the Mudejar style. While the Moors occupied most of Spain, there existed still Visigoth kingdoms in the country's north. There you can find important monuments of Visigoth and Romanesque styles, of the latter in particular along the "Camino de Santiago". In 12th century Gothic style was introduced in Spain, arriving to its greatest importance during 13th century when the cathedrals of Burgos, Toledo and Leon were built. Gothic in Spain combines frequently with Mudejar-elements. Plateresque style is the Spanish variation of Renaissance style. The word comes from "plata", silver, indicating that it is much richer in ornamentation than for instance Italian Renaissance style. The finest surviving example of Spanish...

lexicographer - definition and examples

lexicographer - definition and examples Definition A lexicographer is a person who writes, compiles, and/or edits a dictionary. Lexicographer examine how words come into being and how they change in terms of pronunciation, spelling, usage, and meaning.The most influential lexicographer of the 18th century was Samuel Johnson, whose Dictionary of the English Language appeared in 1755. The most influential American lexicographer was Noah Webster, whose American Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1828. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Ambrose Bierce on Lexicographers American Spelling and British Spelling Corpus LexicographyEtymologyAn Introduction to Noah WebsterLexicographicolatryLexicographyOxford English DictionaryReading the Dictionary: Ammon Sheas Lexicographical ExerciseSamuel Johnsons DictionaryWebsters ThirdWhich Websters Dictionary Is the Real Thing? Examples and Observations Lexicographer. A writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge, that busies himself in tracing the original and detailing the signification of words.(Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, 1755) Lumping and SplittingDictionaries are . . . based  on an oversimplification which posits that words have enumerable, listable meanings that are divisible into discrete units. Such constructs come in handy because dictionary users tend to work best with clear-cut  distinctions and categories that we like to classify into distinct, well-defined boxes.  One of the key questions the lexicographer  then faces is related to the distinction between lumping and splitting. The former term refers to the slightly different patterns of usage that are considered as a single meaning, while the latter happens when the lexicographer separates slightly different patterns of usage into distinct meanings. The burning question whether the lexicographer should apply a lumping or a splitting st rategy does not just apply to monolingual dictionaries, however. A related question for bilingual lexicographers is whether sense divisions should be based upon the source language or the target language.(Thierry Fontenelle, Bilingual Dictionaries.  The Oxford Handbook of Lexicography, ed. by  Philip Durkin. Oxford University Press, 2015) Homonymy and PolysemyA major problem for the  lexicographer is  provided by the distinction between homonymy and polysemy. We speak of homonymy when two lexemes share the same word-forms . . ..   We speak of polysemy when a single lexeme has two (or more)  distinguishable meanings. There is no generally agreed criterion for distinguishing between the two. EAR  organ of hearing and EAR  spike of corn may be treated as two distinct lexemes . . . and usually are in real dictionaries on the basis of distinct etymologies, although diachronic information should not  in principle be used to determine synchronic linguistic structure.  On the other hand, many speakers feel that an ear of corn  is called that because it resembles the ear on someones head, and implicitly treat EAR as a single polysemous lexeme. In the writing of any dictionary, a decision has to be taken as to how to distinguish between these two.(Laurie Bauer, Word. Morphology: An International Handbook on I nflection and Word-Formation, ed. by  Geert Booij et al. Walter de Gruyter, 2000) A Descriptive Approach to LanguageEven when they must make choices, lexicographers are attempting to provide a factual record of the language, not a statement about correctness of its usage. However, when people see one form highlighted in a dictionary, they interpret it as the one correct form and subsequently infer that any other form is incorrect. Furthermore, many who read and reference dictionaries take these decisions to be comprehensive and inalterable standards. In other words, even though lexicographers take a descriptive approach to language, their work is often read as prescriptive.(Susan Tamasi and Lamont Antieau, Language and Linguistic Diversity in the US: An Introduction. Routledge, 2015) A Proscriptive ApproachModern-day lexicography has produced convincing arguments in favour of a proscriptive approach (cf. Berenholtz 2003). Although it is possible to employ such an approach in printed dictionaries, it is an approach ideal for internet dictionaries. The proscriptive approach allows the lexicographer to present the user with a variety of options, e.g. different orthographic forms of a given word or different pronunciation possibilities. No single form is prescribed but the lexicographer indicates his or her preference by recommending one or more forms. By doing so the alternatives are not demonised but users get a clear indication of the form recommended by the expert.(Rufus H. Gouws, Dictionaries as Innovative Tools in a New Perspective on Standardisation. Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow, ed. by Henning Bergenholtz, Sandro Nielsen, and Sven Tarp. Peter Lang, 2009) Samuel Johnson on Lexicography and LanguageWhen we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay . . .. The language most likely to continue long without alteration, would be that of a nation raised a little, and but a little, above barbarity, secluded from strangers, and totally employed in procuring the conveniences of life.(Samuel Johnson, Preface to A Dictionary of the English Language, 1755)

Global Studies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Studies - Term Paper Example On the other hand, Khan argues that dictatorship is a way the government officials opt to use leadership positions to influences processes to their own benefits (17). It is an obvious assumption that dictatorship is only meant for the benefit of the commanding officer or officers in the government. Across the globe, many nations governed by dictatorship have very low per capita income and live in deplorable conditions. This is an indication that democracy is a key instrument in the development of a country. However, Held points out that democracy slow down democracy (12). He supports his argument by arguing that if every option by every citizen is to be considered before making a decision, most countries would not have made any decisions in terms of development and implementing policies (Held 12). For this reason, dictatorship seems to be the solution for a fast development option in any country. The fewer considerations a government makes, the less time it would take for it to devel op the country. However, dictatorship is a dreadful form leadership; and citizens fight for democracy until their will is fulfilled. The battle for democracy may be disastrous to a country. Regardless of the strides made in development, the battle for democracy may ruin the development record of any country (Held 56). The growth of a country based on extractive political institutions is not sustainable. The factors that makes this leadership style significant or long term will be discussed in broad detail. Additionally, why countries do not use dictatorship if there are ways to address the factors that may cause only short term development is also relevant. In analyzing the report on per capital income by the World Bank 2011, there are revelations that dictatorship is enemy of development. Comparing a nation like Zimbabwe and the United States makes the argument simpler. Zimbabwe is in position 198 in terms of per capita income and a nation like Botswana is in position 98 (World Ban k 1). Zimbabwe is more of a dictatorship nation while Botswana is a democratic nation. The development record of these two nations cannot be compared and this can be attributed to the different leadership styles by the two nations. However, Zimbabwe has many resources and a larger human resource force. From this analysis, one may easily point out that dictatorship has led to the decline of economy in Zimbabwe. The same case applies to any other nation that uses dictatorship on its citizens. Khan points out that sustaining development under dictatorship is difficult since the government lacks support of its citizens and numerous NGOs (78). This minimizes the chances of investments and donors to government projects. The argument is supported by Held who points out that the support of citizens and other institutions on government projects is important to sustain the economy and development of a country (123). Governments depend on funding and loans from financial bodies. However, most of these bodies do not support regimes that use dictatorship. The global war for democracy has been influenced by the lack of support to regimes that use dictatorship. Apart from the lack of financial support, dictator governments are always at a risk of political revolution (Benhabib 96). In recent years political revolutions have crippled many nations. Nations suffer great loss to their economy after a

Disc 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disc 13 - Essay Example This results to; blaming religion rather than learning about it, not knowing our own religious traditions and substituting choice for cohesion. (Levine paragraph1). In Middle East, India and Asia, women are oppressed and marginalized. A contrast to what many of them see themselves as honored by their tradition as they honor it. The headscarf is a sign of personal modesty and religious identity though it may be considered as a limitation to choice. As for sitting behind the mechitza, this is discrimination but for them it’s a great place to find women’s solidarity. Even though this is discrimination and marginalization, the women of this region are proud of their religious tradition. In conclusion, the article is informative and fair. The author points out different religious practices and explains their strengths and even some traditions which may be considered out dated without creating animosity among the affected. (Levine

Free Euthanasia Essays: Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act President Clinton said that the key question regarding the Nickles/Lieberman Pain Relief Promotion Act is "whether the bill as written would have a chilling effect on doctors writing medication for pain relief on terminally ill patients." The question he raised is a testable proposition. Language almost identical to that found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act has been enacted in ten states in recent years - and the effect of such language on the use of powerful pain relief medication such as morphine has been dramatically positive. There is considerable data from states passing new laws against assisted suicide since 1992. During this period, ten states passed new laws that ban intentionally assisting suicide (or that strengthen existing bans), including language that affirms the use of medications to control pain even when this may unintentionally increase the risk of death. Data on morphine use from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) show that per capita use of morphine always increased in these states afterward, sometimes dramatically so (in Iowa, Rhode Island and South Dakota, morphine use doubled). The average change in morphine use in these ten states was an increase of over 50%. During the same period, four states passed laws against assisted suicide that did not include language affirming pain control like that found in the federal Pain Relief Promotion Act. Even here, there is little evidence of a significant "chilling effect" on morphine use; but per capita use of morphine tended to stay about the same or to increase only slightly. In these four states, where new bans on assisted suicide lacked the kind of positive language on pain control found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act, morphine use rose by an average of 3%. Turning back to the ten states with language similar to that of the Pain Relief Promotion Act, one can reasonably predict that the impact of passing the federal Act would be even more positive for pain control, for the following reasons: 1. These states actually passed new bans (or established new civil penalties for doctors) where none previously existed. By contrast, in the vast majority of states the Pain Relief Promotion Act establishes no new ban at all - it is already a state crime (and/or a violation of state medical licensing standards) to assist suicide, and thus an automatic violation of the federal Controlled Substances Act to use a federally controlled drug in such a practice. Free Euthanasia Essays: Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act :: Free Euthanasia Essay Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act President Clinton said that the key question regarding the Nickles/Lieberman Pain Relief Promotion Act is "whether the bill as written would have a chilling effect on doctors writing medication for pain relief on terminally ill patients." The question he raised is a testable proposition. Language almost identical to that found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act has been enacted in ten states in recent years - and the effect of such language on the use of powerful pain relief medication such as morphine has been dramatically positive. There is considerable data from states passing new laws against assisted suicide since 1992. During this period, ten states passed new laws that ban intentionally assisting suicide (or that strengthen existing bans), including language that affirms the use of medications to control pain even when this may unintentionally increase the risk of death. Data on morphine use from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) show that per capita use of morphine always increased in these states afterward, sometimes dramatically so (in Iowa, Rhode Island and South Dakota, morphine use doubled). The average change in morphine use in these ten states was an increase of over 50%. During the same period, four states passed laws against assisted suicide that did not include language affirming pain control like that found in the federal Pain Relief Promotion Act. Even here, there is little evidence of a significant "chilling effect" on morphine use; but per capita use of morphine tended to stay about the same or to increase only slightly. In these four states, where new bans on assisted suicide lacked the kind of positive language on pain control found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act, morphine use rose by an average of 3%. Turning back to the ten states with language similar to that of the Pain Relief Promotion Act, one can reasonably predict that the impact of passing the federal Act would be even more positive for pain control, for the following reasons: 1. These states actually passed new bans (or established new civil penalties for doctors) where none previously existed. By contrast, in the vast majority of states the Pain Relief Promotion Act establishes no new ban at all - it is already a state crime (and/or a violation of state medical licensing standards) to assist suicide, and thus an automatic violation of the federal Controlled Substances Act to use a federally controlled drug in such a practice.

Nuclear Power Plants

Sierra Armstrong Vassar High School 5th , English 10 March 21, 2013 Nuclear Power Plants Begin your introduction here†¦ (Don’t forget to underline your thesis statement). Be sure to use the TAB key to start each paragraph and to follow all MLA formats. Background of the Problem People need power, and nuclear power provides it. Nuclear power is another way to produce energy, but it is also a very dangerous way to produce energy.Edward Teller stated, â€Å"Nuclear power-producing units will be dangerous instruments and careful thought will have to be given to their safe construction and operation† (qtd in Kanninen Ed 17). Another scientist Dr. Helen Caldicott stated, â€Å"The nuclear industry is a cancer industry† (qtd in Povey 80). This means that it isn’t a safe way to produce energy and can cause cancer. The radiation is very dangerous. The radiation is a big fault or issue with nuclear energy. â€Å"Atomic energy cannot be produced without also pr oducing a radioactive by-product† (Kanninen 16).Nuclear power is not safe to those who live or associate around it. â€Å"Critics of nuclear power worry about the safety of nuclear plants, the potential damage from radiation exposure, the possibility of sabotage and unauthorized use of the by-product plutonium—the substance used to make nuclear bombs† (â€Å"Nuclear Power†). There have been a couple incidents concerning nuclear power plants, such as Chernobyl and Three-Mile Island. â€Å"The Chernobyl explosion was devastating to the nuclear power industry throughout the world† (â€Å"Nuclear Power†). The primarily cause was human error: technicians conducted an unauthorized experiment on the reactor without understanding how the reactor would behave during the experiment† (â€Å"Nuclear Energy†). The Extent of the Problem The problem at hand is that nuclear power plants Works Cited Type your bibliography on the last page†¦ Be sure to ALPHABETIZE your sources and to indent after the first line of text for each entry. Povey, Karen. Energy Alternatives. Farmington Hills, MI: The Thomas Corporation, 2007. Print. â€Å"Nuclear Energy. † Compton’s by Britannica. 01 Aug 2011: SIRS Discoverer. Web. 25 Feb. 2013 .