Student Counseling Service Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Student Counseling Service - Research Proposal Example b. Question #2: The wording of the question must change as: Which of the following best describes your age The responses given are ambiguous, e.g. 19 - 20 years; 20-25 years and so on. Where would the age of 20 years be captured The correct responses should be: Less than or equal to 18 19 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 30 and so on. d. Question #4: The question can be restated as: What is your religious affiliation Closed-ended options could be provided in the response list: Protestant Christian Roman Catholic Jewish Evangelical Christian Muslim Hindu Buddhist Others (please specify) e. Question #5: This is an ambiguous double barreled statement. Two issues, namely, cultural and religious, are mixed up here. It would be prudent to separate the two issues, and use a Likert scale for capturing the responses. The restated questions could be: In your opinion, the primary reason for seeking counseling service is: f. Question #6: The word "crises" is an inconsistent usage of terminology. Also, the period during which the services have been sought is not explicit. The question should be restated as: How many times between June 2005 and June 2007, have you used counseling service In the response list, 'several times', 'regular basis' is ambiguous. The response options should be recast as: Less than or equal to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 h. ... Asian - Pacific Islander Native American Others (please specify) d. Question #4: The question can be restated as: What is your religious affiliation Closed-ended options could be provided in the response list: Protestant Christian Roman Catholic Jewish Evangelical Christian Muslim Hindu Buddhist Others (please specify) e. Question #5: This is an ambiguous double barreled statement. Two issues, namely, cultural and religious, are mixed up here. It would be prudent to separate the two issues, and use a Likert scale for capturing the responses. The restated questions could be: In your opinion, the primary reason for seeking counseling service is: Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Strongly Disagree Agree Cultural factors: Religious factors: f. Question #6: The word "crises" is an inconsistent usage of terminology. Also, the period during which the services have been sought is not explicit. The question should be restated as: How many times between June 2005 and June 2007, have you used counseling service In the response list, 'several times', 'regular basis' is ambiguous. The response options should be recast as: Less than or equal to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 g. Question #7: Not found... reflects casual approach to survey design h. Question #8: The question posed is not amenable to an objective analysis. A Likert scale is recommended. The question could be recast as: In your opinion, how would you rate the interactions of counseling staff with you: Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Strongly Disagree

Ensuring children and young people’s safety Essay Example for Free

Ensuring children and young people’s safety Essay Ensuring children and young people’s safety and welfare in the work setting is an essential part of safeguarding. While children are at school, practitioners act in ‘loco parentis’ while their parents are away. As part of their legal and professional obligations, practitioners hold positions of trust and a duty of care to the children in their school, and therefore should always act in their best interests and ensure their safety – the welfare of the child is paramount (Children Act 1989). The Children Act 2004 came in with the Every Child Matters (ECM) guidelines and greatly impacted the way schools look at the care and welfare of pupils. Children and young people should be helped to learn and thrive and be given the opportunity to achieve the five basic outcomes: be healthy; stay safe; enjoy and achieve; make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. Children are vulnerable and depending on their age and level of development, do not see danger or recognise risks. They do not know when or how to look after themselves and need adults to protect them and ensure their safety, whilst encouraging their independence in an age appropriate manner. All organisations that employ staff or volunteers to work with children need to use a safer recruitment practice. In March 2005, following the Soham murders and the subsequent Bichard Inquiry, the DCSF – Department for Children, Schools and Families (previously the DES and the DoH) proposed that Recommendation 19 of the Bichard Inquiry should be carried out: ‘new arrangements should be introduced requiring those who wish to work with children, or vulnerable adults, to be registered. The register would confirm that there is no known reason why an individual should not work with these clients.’ As a result, the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 was passed, providing the legislative framework for the new Vetting and Barring scheme. This Act established the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA) to make decisions about who should be allowed to work with children, the elderly and other vulnerable adults and to maintain lists of those who are barred. Under the Act, it is an offence for an employer to employ a barred person in a role with children. It is also an offence for a barred person to apply for  such a role. Employers must also advise the ISA if an individual harms a child whilst working for them. The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 merged the ISA with the CRB (Criminal Records Bureau) to form the DBS (Disclosure and Barring Services). It also differentiated between supervised and unsupervised activities. Schools should have policies and procedures for safer recruitment practice, which should be applied at every stage in the recruitment process, from advertising, references and pre-interview checks, to the selection of candidates, interviewing process and the offer of appointment. As part of the process, every adult wanting to work with children or vulnerable adults must have a DBS (Disclosure and Barring Services) check. There are three levels of DBS disclosure: -Basic disclosure: details relevant information about the individual, together with any convictions (spent or in force), cautions or warnings that the individual has received. -Enhanced disclosure: includes the same as the basic disclosure, plus any additional relevant information held by the police. -Enhanced disclosure with Barred List Check. Schools must also ensure that any adults (including cleaners and caretakers) or volunteers in the workplace do not have unsupervised access to children unless they have been DBS checked. Schools need to ensure that they provide children and young people with a happy safe environment to learn and develop, with trusted and supportive adults. Practitioners need to actively promote the well-being and welfare of every child. This includes providing a wide range of activities to promote development through play as well as formal learning. These activities should include age appropriate toys and games that meet the Toy (Safety) Regulations 1995 and are in a good state of repair. Practitioners should check for Kitemarks and CE markings. Kitemarks are symbols that show products have been tested and meet the British Standard Institute requirements. CE markings show that products meet European standards as set out by the European Community. Children also need to communicate and socialise with their peers, children from other age groups and other adults. They need to feel safe and secure in their environment so that they feel able to speak to adults about any concerns they may have, or to ask questions and seek help without fear of embarrassment. They need good role models who can help them extend their decision making skills and develop independence appropriate to their age and development level. Practitioners have a further responsibility to provide additional support to children who may have special educational needs. This may be through individual sessions within the school, liaison with external services such as educational psychologists or through the CAF (Common Assessment Framework) process. The CAF process was developed to gather and assess information in relation to a child’s needs in development, parenting and the family environment. It is a service that should be offered to children (and their families) whose additional needs are not being met through universal services within the school. Practitioners also need to protect any children who may be at risk of significant harm because of their home life and personal circumstances. There are a number of policies and procedures that should be in place in schools to ensure children and young people’s protection and safety: †¢Working in an open and transparent way – adults should make sure that another member of staff is always aware of where they are working, especially if they are alone in a room with a child, there should always be visual access or the door should remain open. †¢Duty of care – adults should always act in the best interests of the child and ensure their safety – the welfare of the child is paramount (Children Act 1989). †¢Whistleblowing staff should understand their responsibilities to raise concerns of malpractice. Staff will be deemed to be failing in their duty to safeguard children if they do not act. †¢Listening to children adults relationships with children should always be professional, caring and respectful. Children need to feel valued and listened to. †¢Power and positions of trust adults working with children hold positions of trust due to their access to the children in their care, and relationships between pupils and staff will  always have an unequal balance of power – these positions should never be abused. †¢Behaviour teachers should behave in such a way as to safeguard children’s well-being and maintain public trust in the teaching profession. †¢Physical contact staff should ensure that any contact with children is entirely professionally appropriate. †¢Off-site visits staff must take particular care to ensure that clear boundaries are maintained and full risk assessments must be carried out prior to a visit. †¢Recording of images – there must be age-appropriate consent from the person or their parents or carers. †¢Intimate personal care all children have a right to safety, privacy and dignity when intimate care is required. †¢Sharing concerns and information highly confidential information about children and their families should only ever be shared on a need to know basis, and anonymously wherever possible. †¢Security – school premises should be made secure with fencing, gates and locking doors with secure access codes to prevent unwelcome visitors and to stop children from leaving the premises unaccompanied. There should be clear locking and unlocking procedures and stringent rules for visitor access to the buildings. Contractors should be LA approved or selected using safe selection procedures and should have carried out appropriate risk assessments in advance. They should be given information to enable them to follow the school’s safety procedures. The three main areas that address the protection of children from harm in the work setting are: child protection; health and safety, and risk assessments. †¢Child protection. It is the responsibility of all adults in the setting to actively safeguard children and young people and to prevent abuse or neglect. The setting should detail how the policies and procedures should work on a daily basis and outline current legislation in this area (see Task A). The policy should describe the responsibilities of the setting as well as those of individuals. It should include a summary of the possible signs of abuse or neglect for staff to refer to (see Task D1). Staff are required to respond to any concerns in an appropriate and timely manner. There should be clear guidelines on how staff should proceed when there are concerns, or  allegations have been made, including the role of the designated CPO (Child Protection Officer) (see Task D2). Staff should also be made aware of the procedures if the allegation concerns another member of staff or the head teacher (see Section 2 below). The policy should detail external services that may be required, including names and telephone numbers etc. There should be specific guidance about how to behave if a child or young person makes an allegation of abuse. The policy should detail other procedures and policies that support staff responsibilities in this area, such as the behaviour and anti-bullying policies (see Task E) and the whistleblowing policy (see Section 3 below). †¢Health and Safety. Schools are legally required to have a Health and Safety policy to ensure that there is a plan for how health and safety is managed in the setting and that all staff are aware of all their responsibilities. This policy should be read and implemented by all staff and it should form part of the induction process for new members of staff. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 were designed to protect everyone at work. The employer in a school must take reasonable steps to ensure that staff and pupils are not exposed to risks to their health and safety. This applies to activities on or off school premises. The employer is required to carry out regular reviews of the school, its premises and activities. There should be a designated health and safety representative at every setting who is responsible for the reviews and any subsequent action. The reviews should involve regular walks around the school as well as safety checks on equipment. All electrical items should be checked annually by a qualified electrician. Fire extinguishers should also be checked annually. Staff should ensure that they use any safety equipment provided and store it safely. All materials and equipment used in schools should meet recognised safety standards. Practitioners should check for Kitemarks and CE markings. Kitemarks are symbols that show products have been tested and meet the British Standard Institute requirements. CE markings show that products meet European standards as set out by the European Community. The Workplace, (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 deal with physical conditions in the  workplace and require employers to meet minimum standards in relation to a wide range of issues, including: maintenance of buildings and equipment; lighting; provision of drinking water; temperature; ventilation; rest rooms; toilet facili ties; room dimensions and space; cleanliness; condition of floors and traffic routes. The School Premises (England) Regulations 2012 apply to all maintained schools in England, and came into effect in October 2012. This legislation works in conjunction with the Workplace Regulations, but applies specifically to school standards, which are often more stringent i.e. the provision of a medical room for pupils, or a lower maximum temperature for hand washing in children’s toilet facilities. To protect children and young people from harm on the premises, the school should consider the following: †¢Safety of the indoor and outdoor play equipment, including water and sand play. †¢Safety in the school kitchen, including the storage, preparation and cooking of food. †¢Fire safety, including maintaining clearly marked exit routes and doors. †¢Appropriately sized furniture and equipment for the children. †¢Safe storage of hazardous materials under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002. †¢Appropriate adult-child ratios at all times. †¢First aid training for staff, with sufficient numbers of first aid trained staff on the premises at all times. †¢Safety in the dining hall, including hot food, spillages, choking risks etc. †¢Vigilance in challenging unidentified adults. †¢Procedures for cleaning up bodily fluids, vomit or faeces. †¢Internet safety. †¢Hand washing facilities and practices. †¢Adaptations where necessary for children with special needs or disabilities. †¢Safety of outdoor play areas, including access, space and floor surfacing. †¢Safe storage and supervision of medicines. †¢Implementation of procedures for children and staff with illnesses, i.e. remaining away from school for 48 hours after sickness or diarrhoea. †¢A  nominated person for asbestos and legionella competency. †¢Tidiness and safety of traffic routes around the premises. Off-site educational visits have additional issues that could affect children’s safety. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 requires full risk assessments to be carried out prior to a visit. Employers must assess the risks of activities, plan measures to control the risks and inform employees of the measures. Staff must follow school and Local Authority regulations, policies and guidance, which include: evidence of parental permission; emergency procedures; first aid kit and trained staff; appropriate clothing and equipment; qualified staff for activities; adult to children ratios; special educational or medical needs of the children; approval of volunteers (including DBS checks); age and competence of the pupils and transport arrangements. Health and Safety arrangements also require members of staff to keep colleagues/senior staff aware of their whereabouts and movements. †¢Risk assessments. It is a legal requirement for all employers to carry out risk assessments. Risk assessments are a formal examination of things that could cause harm to people. The Health and Safety Executive guidance sets out a simple Five Steps to Risk Assessment: Step 1: Look for the hazards and risks. A hazard is something that can cause harm. A risk is the likelihood of harm together with the consequences should it take place. Step 2: Decide who could be harmed and how. Step 3: It is necessary to differentiate between hazards and risks and then to prioritise them, dealing with the most serious risks first. Decide whether the existing precautions are sufficient. If not, decide what other precautions should be introduced and ensure that they are put in place. Step 4: Record your actions and findings. Step 5: Review the assessment at regular intervals, or if circumstances  change, and revise if necessary. Risk assessments should be used within the school setting e.g. for a new climbing frame or for outdoor water play, and also for off-site visits regardless of their duration. The head teacher is usually responsible for risk assessments and should sign and date them after they are completed. If existing precautions are not satisfactory, then activities may have to be restricted or stopped until changes are made. Changes may involve staff training or additional equipment. Risk assessments will also need to be carried out for individuals with special needs or disabilities and specialists may come to the school to carry them out. Other individuals may require a risk assessment in certain circumstances, i.e. a pupil on crutches or temporarily in a wheelchair. Ofsted inspectors would expect risk assessments to be available as part of their inspections. Risk assessments should form part of a school’s management processes and help to formalise working practices and arrangements. They are a valuable tool for identifying problems and potential problems, monitoring situations and ensuring precautions are taken to keep children and adults safe from harm.

The doha development

The doha development Doha development round The Doha development round is also called the Doha development agenda. It commenced in November 2002 as the trade negotiation round of (WTO) world trade organization. Its main objectives are to increase trade globally by lowering the trade barriers around the world. It began with the ministerial meeting in Qatar in 2001 then subsequent meetings took place in- Mexico (2003) Honkong (2005) Related meetings took place in Geneva, Switzerland (2004, 2006, 2008) Paris, France (2005) Potsdam, Germany (2007) The recent negotiation broke down on July 2008 which held as a failure to reach compromise on agricultural import rules. Negotiations Trade negotiation committee has overseen the talks of Doha negotiations, whose chairman is currently Pascal Lamys director general. The negotiations held in existing bodies of WTO and in five working groups. Topics of negotiations are market access, development and maintenance issues, to rules and regulations, trade expansions and other issues. Before Doha Before Doha negotiations there were WTO ministerial conferences. First WTO conference held in Singapore in 1996 for 4 major issues-government procurement, custom issues, investments in trade, competition and trade. These issues became known as Singapore issues. In spite of conferences no conclusion was reached, and then developed nations argued that other new trade negotiations mist include tat issues. In 1999 it was intended to start the millennium round but due to several different events it was never started. And it was decided by working groups that it will not be started until the first ministerial meeting in Doha, Qatar in 2001. Inbuilt agenda of 2000 on agriculture and trade in services merged with the Doha negotiations. Doha 2001 The Doha development agenda, DDA started in November 2001,to negotiate on agricultural issues, trade in services, also gats and trips negotiations. The main objective of this round was to make the trade regulations fairer for all the countries but according to various critics system of trade rules adopted in Doha round was bad for developing countries and against their domestic trade policies. Cancun, 2003 This meeting was collapsed after four days because of differences in Singapore issues; also few countries did not show flexibility in their operations, rather than trade negotiations they only replaced their demands and wide differences between the trade negotiations of developing and developed countries. Geneva, 2004 The main focus of this negotiation was on market access and reduction of agricultural export subsidies. Comprise was made on negotiation of Singapore issues, developing countries played a great role in the negotiation of trade facilitation. Paris, 2005 In was held on may of 2005 with the intentions to get the tangible progress before December of 2005.this conference was Hanging around issues like- cutting of subsides to farmers in France, issues relating to chicken, beef and rice and other technical issues. Geneva, 2006 This was held in June 2006 but it failed to reach on conclusion about import rules and taxes, reducing farming subsidies. Geneva, 2008 It was started on July 21, 2008 at the WTOS headquarters but failed to compromise on SSM, special safeguard issues. Differential treatment was provided to the developing countries in the form of import volume expansions. Negotiations on these issues continued in June 2009 since the last conference.50% were the odds of success said by Pascal Lamy. This negotiation expected to last for 4 days but instead of lasting 9 days it did not reach to conclusion. There were also disagreements onn various issues like protection to Indian and Chinese farmers and African imports to te European union. Why the Doha round matters Over a billion of people live under poverty. The IMF and World Bank estimated that 7% growth rate is needed to achieve the goal of halving the poverty by 2015.trade liberalization is an important part of development. Its main purpose is to provide the trade opportunities to countries and to provide more jobs and also to allow poor people to improve their lives. This can be achieved through more exports. More exports high economic growth-more stimuli to domestic reformsfaster poverty reduction. Trade liberalization is not only the answer no doubt investments in infrastructure, health issues or education is also requires. Therefore Doha round engaged in strengthening the institutions and improving the education and health services in developing countries. Deadlock of Doha As stated earlier DDA was started 2001 and expected to achieve the goals by 2005.after 7 turbulent years later after many ministerial meetings-after various mini-ministerial conferences -still we do not have an agreement. The collapsed of negotiations occur because of rejection by US on the demand made by china and India about the usage of safeguard measures is called deadlock of Doha The issues raised in Doha round by developing countries were the corner stone of necessary agriculture negotiations in the Doha agenda. The negotiating mandate include 2 key issues- Reducing trade distorting subsidies Food security and trade development Besides the tariff reduction issues, goals were met with much resistance regarding the minimization of distortions in agriculture market. Despite this compromise by the US developing countries still willing that US should also compromise on non-agriculture products tariff and non-tariff barriers. Important issues Agriculture It has become the most controversial issue of Doha round.2001 Doha round ended with an agreement to substantial improvements in the agriculture market-reductions of export subsides and reductions in the trade distorting support. Special products must be exempt from cuts Limit the number of import sensitive products Food security and livelihood considerations Access to patented medicines The main issue of Doha was trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) The issue revolves around- Public health issues in developing countries Balance of interest between pharmacy companies Compulsory licenses for the export of pharmacy products to least developed and other member countries Special and differential treatment The one of the main issue as to strengthen and to make more precise, effective the special and deferential treatment (S D).developed and developing countries gave the separate deadlines for SD provisions. Also developing countries argued that developed countries were negotiating in good faith on the other hand they argued that developing countries were unreasonable in making the proposals. Implementation issues Developing countries had the limited capacity or inadequate technical assistance that is why they argued that they have had implementation problems with the agreements reached in the earlier of Uruguay round. They also claimed that apparel in country markets and large access for textiles did not benefit them what thy expected. Some of thee implementation issues resolved by WTO members and they directed two path approach for other remaining issues. Reasons for Doha failure Developing countries did not reciprocate on trade concessions For the collapse of negotiations, technically the US was blamed for this but US felt that developing nations had not open the markets in the way they were asked to open and so there were no point in negotiating the talks. Media attention lacking These meetings lacked media attention. You would hardly find any information about going of these meetings because this information did not mention in many mainstream media, even not on prime time televisions and on news broadcast. May be the media was catching the conflicts in Lebanon at and not the proceedings of WTO meeting. Some argue that democracies are expected to be accountable by an informed citizenry so it hardly matters whether media people cover this or not. Failure since Doha started in 2001 This collapsed of negotiation were not of sudden on it were from the beginning only. Developed nations demand developing nations for using unfair ways and poor countries in turn blaming rich countries for this failure. Negotiations and meetings aimed at a world that no longer exists It was argued that neither the collapsed and nor he recriminations were taken as too seriously. The Doha round continuously failed in spite of pace o growth in he world economy. Negotiations- Focused on issues that no longer exists Required efforts for taking actions against developing nations unwillingness to undertake One of the causes is that working groups focusing on same decisions to resolved the almost all issues. Therefore it was said that Success requires a different rules and players for different games. Impasses over the agriculture result in as much an excuse as a factor of breakdown. Is collapse of Doha a bad thing? Its collapse may be a good thing, if it is taken that the Doha development round focused on an issues misaligned with real world. The new WTO members brought during the Uruguay round have different perceptions about economic interests and trade offs with that of older members, board of the old GATT system. MFN clauses can one of the problems. Its main motive was to protect the smaller nation members like New Zealand and Luxemburg from larger nations like Japan and US. Despite of MFN, like the old trading systems new emerging systems for trade preferences also looks uncomfortable. Economic impact of Doha round In 2001 world income increased from $40 to $60 billion It means that less than 0.2% rise in global GDP. Liberalizing trade lead to global gains of $90 to $120 billion per year. Real lessons from Doha failure It was arguing that Doha development agenda was ill-conceived from the beginning only. Its main objective was to promote economic welfare through trade-offs.but this objective was more or less based on fantasies. Therefore objects be clearly defined after considering the various factors. Set realistic priorities American leaders must persuade bilaterally along with multilaterally, if they want to use trade rules and policies for strategic purposes. The trade initiatives should not be focusing on only third development nations but also on the global economy and world trading system. The Doha development agenda objectives reflected that developing nations are becoming most important international trade players and that is why they deserve a great voice while negotiating in the meetings. Leaving aside whether equality and rights effects economic regulations and policy making, global roles of developing nations has been over stated. Doha round should give more grant to developing nations a greater roles in negotiations. Ways to collude DDA OECD members will move forward They can move forward in number of areas- Services Manufacturing sectors Product standards recognitions Pricing of products And range of other issues On manufacturing tariffs there should be zero-for-zero plurilateral agreement. Worlds governments need to develop an multilateral trade system for the preservation of benefits from trade development and growth. Anti-democratic ways must be prune away contained in WTO rules for domestic policy making. Rules must be designed for a single homogenized market in spite of setting terms for separate nations with different priorities. The WTO members must be scaled back so that multilaterally treaties for public interest can serve as a floor of conduct of trade. Some other principles Participation Sustainable development High priorities should be given to subjects not negotiated Nothing can be agreed until everything is agreed Conclusion We can say that because of this negotiating process, the geopolitical map is becoming more complex There were increase in power disputes between national governments and negotiation procedures have become explicit with the role of international networks It is also clearly indicated that free trade policies most of the time favored the big corporations and developing nations do not want to follow these policies. However the IMFS and the WTO are in setback but they still influence on economic thinking. Now there is an undermining of global trade liberalization which act as an engine for development in earlier years. Rethinking the multilateral trade system means giving more priority to local methods of production and to the sustainability of life and planet. References www.wto.org www.google.com www.dfat.gov.com www.reuters.com www.businessstandard.com www.news.smh.com www.atimes.com www.forbes.com

Education Fiesta :: Technology Internet Technological Essays

Education Fiesta In Today’s competitive society, we all strive for the ideal occupation, and the best learning skills. Technology is a prevalent tool for us, and the Internet especially has helped bring about efficiency. Distance education is not something that I have personally experienced, but through various information sources, I now am fully aware of what online education is all about. To put my research into play I chose to narrate a scenario in which the authors of the sources I used came to my house for a dinner party. Then I provided my own ideas in an analysis of the facts that these authors presented. I tied it up with a personal reflection of everything that I learned. My dining room table pushed against the wall, buffet style, with steaming chaffing dishes, a basket of assorted fresh baked breads, a caddy filled with festive cutlery, pretty napkins laid out in a crescent shaped pattern, and various plates and bowls with the evenings fixings, anxiously I awaited my five guests of honor for tonight’s dinner: Pam Dixon, Emily Weiner, Marcia Williams, Kenneth Paprock, and Barbara Covington; all experts on the topic and field of distance education. They were to arrive at seven o’ clock, which was in ten minutes. I meticulously set up a table of beverages, and a bucket of ice. I also invited a few of my own friends and family members who were interested and about the subject, and wanted more information about online learning. My mother, who is considering finishing up her degree online, my aunt and uncle who are both in the field of computer technology and programming, my neighbor who is also doing research for school on online lea rning, and my friend Lauren who had just decided to come for the discussion, information and appetizing meal. I finished up some last minute preparation work, as the arrival time of my guests got closer. Distance learning is an alternative method of education in our society, which values time and convenience. Online learning, although not a tangible way to attend a university, allows those with families, people with busy lives, those with jobs, those with physical disabilities, and those who do not have access to universities or the right classes to learn the r skills they need, and attain the right degree, in order to work in our field of choice.

Deadly Compassion Essay

Euthanasia means â€Å"good death†. It must not be misunderstood to mean simply killing he elderly. The purpose of euthanasia is to relieve the terrible suffering and pain of a terminally ill person with an incurable disease. The cause of euthanasia is compassion. Deadly Compassion There are many ways to euthanize. Some of the more common ways in the recent past: * Suffocation with a plastic bag, most of the time (but not all of the time) drugging the patient first. * Gassing them to death with carbon monoxide: not even approved for putting down a dog or executing a convicted murderer * Lethal injection, but families are not usually allowed to watch because of what the cool poison does to a person as it slides down the bloodstream. True, many people experience pain, pain that I could not imagine. But at twelve years of age, I watched as cancer ravaged my father’s body. He died from advanced stage malignant melanoma, using the selfless care of hospice workers and the anesthetic effects of morphine to die with true dignity. Termanally ill patients DO NOT have to die a painful death. Modern technology has made the passing of millions much less painless than anytime in the past. Proponents of euthanasia exploit our natural fear of an excruciating death by ignoring this technology. This deadly compassion will end up giving the Grim Reaper one more tool, and in the hands of greedy relatives, uncaring doctors, and less-than-thorough legislatures, the choas demonstrated in the Netherlands will be mirrored in every country that gives doctors the power to end their patients’ lives. The causes of euthanasia are a desire to end suffering and the viewpoint of having mercy on the suffering person by ending his or her life. Euthanasia is when a person is assisted in suicide because he or she can no longer stand the suffering that he or she is incurring. Proponents for euthanasia believe that it is a merciful and humane way to end life, instead of watching someone suffer. Opponents to euthanasia believe that people’s lives should be respected to natural death and should not be taken prematurely. Euthanasia is assisted suicide. In animals, it is often referred to as â€Å"putting to sleep.† For people, it is a crime. I’m not sure what causes of euthanasia would be, exactly, since it isn’t a disease but rather an action. Someone would commit euthanasia, or help someone commit suicide, if that person were sick or dying. A famous example of this was Dr. Kevorkian. For animals, euthanasia happens when animals are sick or if an animal shelter ha s too many animals to care for. The effect of euthanasia is death. Euthanasia is a desperate act that comes in many forms according to the definitions below. Consider the motifs when considering causes. Each case has its own circumstances and many ethical, moral, and legal considerations are taken into account. The purpose is to relieve suffering of an individual or animal and a difficult judgement is at stake. There are many controversial issues in regard to religion also. Euthanasia: the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit. (The key word here is â€Å"intentional†. If death is not intended, it is not an act of euthanasia) Voluntary euthanasia: When the person who is killed has requested to be killed. Non-voluntary: When the person who is killed made no request and gave no consent. Involuntary euthanasia: When the person who is killed made an expressed wish to the contrary. Assisted suicide: Someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. When it is a doctor who helps another person to kill themselves it is called â€Å"physician assisted suicide.† Euthanasia By Action: Intentionally causing a person’s death by performing an action such as by giving a lethal injection. Euthanasia By Omission: Intentionally causing death by not providing necessary and ordinary (usual and customary) care or food and water.

How to Write a Graduate Essay

How to Write a Graduate Essay There are several useful essay writing tips for students about how to write a graduate essay. Writing a good graduate essay requires from each student good writing skills,  imagination and patience. Before graduating they have to be succeed in writing any assignments and academic papers. In a graduate essay, we deal with the four parts. Which are Introduction, the Main body, the Conclusion and the Outline. As compare to a school level essay graduate level essay require better words and more comprehensive detail, best quality of writing skills and compact link between paragraphs in the main body are main features of a graduate level essay. Normally, kids at school feel that essay writing is easy, and they can write an essay at any level. However, when they reached the graduation level they poorly failed to write effective essays. Students of a graduate level need to know that at this level they are basically required to write mature level essays. Students of graduation need to search about the subject given to them. They should put some arguments in their essays.In the introduction of the essay, it is important to make a general view of the clause. In the introduction we may also cover a little detail about the plans and the objects of the essay, and what we are going to discuss in the main body. It is of the highest importance for a good essay to have an affective and magnetic introduction as it deals with all the essay body and the main body of the essay depends totally on that paragraph. In the main body, they should discuss the prime topic or subject in relevant detail with proofs and arguments. The graduate essay must focus on all the arguments discussed on the local introduction like a social issue or a debate or a speech. It should be kept in the active mind that the essay should be analysed more critically and examined from all the aspects both the positive and the negative impacts of the certain issue must me discussed in great detail in order to clear the issue stated in the article . Ultimately, the conclusion is the main juice of the essay like the introduction it also bears a vital importance. In the introduction we must include the results. The essay writers opinion either negative or the positive should be stated in that part of the essay. While writing the introduction it must be kept in mind that the discussions stated in the main body should not be ignored and the conclusion must be extracted from the main body. The outline and the key points can be most simply taken as the contents to be discussed in the essay. While choosing the degrees of the outline one must be very careful in order to state al relevant information needed for a graduate essay.

Importances essays

Importances essays One can say there are many things that people overestimate the importance of, but the one that is most bothersome would be the wide world of sports. It is an important aspect in our lives, I mean, it keeps us entertained. But there is absolutely no need for the complete chaos when it comes to the competitive brawl. Not only does it take away from other important issues on the news, it provides poor role models and greed beyond belief. When is it that one can turn on the TV and not see a fight erupt during a sporting event. Whether it would be baseball, football, basketball, or hockey. Do you really want your children to see this and think this is how they should act if they do not win in a game? Its just not right. It is in our nature to be competitive, but lets not take it to the extreme. Athletes need to learn to control their actions and cool down before they do something that they regret. Not only do athletes play dirty, but coaches and fans as well. And all because of a bad call or a sore loss? Its just not worth it. Athletes are supposed to be looked at as positive role models to whom people look up to. Now, we see them on the daily news breaking the laws. Heres an example, Kobe Bryant put on sexual assault charges. Thats real nice, a thing a child should see for sure on TV. And what about all the athletes that are doing drugs and taking steroids? Its a joke; they should be able to perform their athletic abilities without a drug to boost their performance. Thats not a true athlete. So think twice about the athlete that you think is so great, because it may not be all his effort. While talking to one of my friends, he stated that a television program that he was enjoying was interrupted by a special news brief which startled him. He thought something had gone wrong in this world of ours. But no, it was an update on the trade o ...

Audi Research Paper Essays

Audi Research Paper Essays Audi Research Paper Essay Audi Research Paper Essay Investor Relations Corporate strategy Vision: â€Å"Audi – the premium brand† In adopting its Strategy 2020, the Audi Group has focused its core brand Audi on the challenges of the future. The strategy took on firmer contours during 2011 as the full potential of the mission â€Å"We delight customers worldwide† was explored in greater depth. It now gives more weight to new issues that have emerged as a result of heightened environmental awareness, growing uncertainty about the future availability of fossil fuels and increasing urbanization. The Audi brand’s strategy 2020 Mission: â€Å"We delight customers worldwide† The Audi brand’s products are compelling examples of the brand values sportiness, progressiveness and sophistication. In addition to building technologically advanced vehicles, the brand with the four rings aims to evoke customer delight in many other ways. The mission statement â€Å"We delight customers worldwide† therefore plays a key role on the path to becoming the leading premium brand. The Audi brand has defined its understanding of customer delight in greater detail in the following four areas of action: * We define innovation We create experiences * We live responsibility * We shape Audi We define innovation The declared ambition of the Audi brand to offer its customers high-quality, innovative vehicles is expressed in the brand essence â€Å"Vorsprung durch Technik. † This is accompanied by a clear design idiom that gives the brand’s progressive character a visual grounding. The models of the Audi brand feature a wide range of technological innovations. The Company has defined various key technologies that will occupy a special role in the development of new vehicles. For example, all activities involving electric mobility will be grouped together under the umbrella brand Audi e-tron. Audi ultra embodies the lightweight-construction technology that the Audi brand has been pioneering ever since launching the  Audi Space Frame  (ASF) in 1994. The brand has since intensified its activities in this field with a view to making vehicles ever lighter. Today, the Company focuses on the use of intelligent combinations of materials, which include aluminum, carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP), modern steel alloys and magnesium. Then there is Audi connect, the umbrella brand launched by the Company to bracket together trendsetting navigation and infotainment functions, as well as technologies that connect drivers with the Internet, the car and their surroundings. In addition to product-based innovations, the Audi brand is working on new mobility concepts. Since 2011, for example, customers’ mobility behavior in electrically powered cars has been the subject of a study that is part of the A1 e-tron fleet trial in Munich. We create experiences To delight its customers time and time again, the Company aims to create special, positive experiences that customers will associate with the Audi brand. These include modern sales concepts such as the showroom configurator, which makes it quick and easy for visitors to an Audi dealership to create the Audi vehicle of their choice on large screens, with life-like, three-dimensional images. In 2011, the Audi brand came up with a very special way of presenting its new Q3 premium SUV: the â€Å"Audi Q3 Cube. In selected downtown districts of major cities, including Barcelona, Paris and Munich, customers and interested parties were given the opportunity to discover the Q3’s qualities in a mirror-filled cube up to 14 meters high. Another way of experiencing the Audi brand emotionally is to collect a new car in person from the Audi Forums in Ingolstadt and Neckarsulm. Audi’s premium vehicle handover facilities demonstrate to the customer just how much care and precision go i nto building Audi vehicles. The program is rounded out by a look at the history of the Company and culinary delights. To make the experience even more special, customers can tailor the handover to their own individual preferences. Accompanied by a customer relationship manager throughout the entire day, they are given a personal tour of the factory, making the occasion a truly memorable one. We live responsibility The Audi brand also expresses customer delight through a form of corporate responsibility that seeks to strike an appropriate balance between social or ecological requirements and economic success. In order to maintain the high regard in which the brand and the Company are held and increase their lead over the competition, Audi has created a department specifically to address this task. Hand in hand with all the divisions, the Corporate Responsibility department pursues the strategic goal of value orientation. It advocates responsible action and behavior as the basis for sustainable success. The core management tasks of Corporate Responsibility also include defining strategic guidelines and decision-making criteria. These guidelines are derived from the Strategy 2020 goals and are intended to highlight the link between social responsibility, preserving resources and long-term economic activity. As a global company with nearly 64,000 employees, the Audi Group is very much in the public eye. Its capacity to supply information and reports on corporate responsibility matters is therefore being further expanded. We shape Audi The Audi brand will continue steadily with its model initiative and expand its development, manufacturing and corporate structures accordingly. In order to maintain its profitable growth, the Audi Group will focus even more closely on flexible, efficient processes, as well as strengthening its global presence and expertise. Product and investment decisions will continue to be made on the basis of how far they produce customer benefit. Successfully accomplishing qualitative growth hinges on the employees, who demonstrate immense expertise and passion for the products of the Audi brand. Superior financial strength In keeping with a value-oriented corporate management approach, growth only meets the premium standards of the Audi Group if it is simultaneously profitable. Qualitative growth is therefore a priority strategic corporate goal. This is achieved through effective and efficient structures and processes, systematic investment management and the ongoing optimization of costs. A high level of self-financing helps to preserve the Company’s ability to invest and act. It therefore fundamentally aims to finance investment from self-generated cash flow. Continuous growth The Audi brand achieved a new deliveries record in 2011 in selling a total of more than 1. 3 million vehicles. This positive development is primarily attributable to the attractive, diverse product range, which was again continuously revitalized and broadened in the period under review. In addition to the successor generation to the popular A6 full-size car line, product events included the arrival of the new Q3 premium SUV and the market introduction of the Q5 hybrid quattro. The Audi brand’s product range will continue to be progressively expanded. The Audi Group has set itself the goal of increasing deliveries of the Audi brand to 1. 5 million vehicles by 2015. The international sales structures will be expanded to handle the scheduled growth. The dealer network in China, for instance, is to be increased from currently around 230 dealerships to over 400 by the year 2013. And there are plans to expand the exclusive sales network in the United States, too, over the coming years. The Audi Group is also increasing its production capacity worldwide. Global image leader For a premium manufacturer, a strong brand is the basis for enduring success. The Audi Group therefore plans to establish an emotional bond between its customers and the brand and to keep steadily improving its image position through the attractive product range. The numerous national and international awards received in the 2011 fiscal year again reflect the public’s huge enthusiasm for the Audi brand. Attractive employer worldwide As part of its strategy to become the leading premium brand, the Audi Group regards well-qualified, committed employees as a priceless asset. Particularly as it becomes internationally more diverse, the Audi Group considers it vitally important to be viewed as an attractive employer worldwide. Against this backdrop, the Audi Group offers its workforce a stimulating working environment with attractive opportunities for development, commensurate pay and high job security. Regular internal surveys reveal a high level of employee satisfaction. In addition, external surveys have attested to the Audi Group’s high attractiveness as an employer both in Germany and internationally. * Print page * Bookmark page

Educational technology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Educational technology - Personal Statement Example Whether a person achieves a good learning experience or not is determined by the factors that affect the employment or administration of teaching, since educational tools are normally tangible and are readily accessible by students with whom a specific knowledge or training is communicated. At this stage, the widespread technology logically plays the key role in educating people, for the modern age has proven to have used and modified technology in almost everything that drives our living. Having obtained an academic background in clinical nutrition, I have realized how important health is for people to be able to execute tasks effectively, as well as for them to live life to the full measure. Helping people become better in terms of proceeding with personal growth and aspirations despite all the risks constitutes my passion. Equivalently, I suppose that this goal even extends to concerns with education and technology, much as it applies well through nutrition and health. I believe that every individual has the right to proper education which is conducted with appropriate materials, instructions, and especially technological resources everyone must gain access to, so that learning comes with ease and may be sought to enhance the studying capacity of each learner. In meeting this objective, hence, educational technology may be claimed highly necessary for students to figure different areas of improvement once they can afford to incorporate technology in the realm of ed ucation. Educational technology, alternatively known as e-learning, instructional technology, or learning technology, pertains to the use of technology to aid learning with sufficient input, and an academic institution bearing a competency-based curriculum can undoubtedly support students who aim to pursue career with educational technology. My desire to continue such studies with Concordia University

Econmics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Econmics - Essay Example These days the term often makes us bring to mind Keynesian economics or shamanic bear rituals. However these animal spirits were neither of them animals nor spirits. Exactly how ought to we process them? In English, the term ‘spirit’ refers to something from the Holy Ghost to gin. In reality, this kind of ambiguity is present all through the romance languages, deriving from the Roman spiritus animales. With similar root as inhale and run out (spiro which means ‘I breathe’) spiritus primarily means breath, after that breath of existence, hence also disposition, determination, and even ghost. In a similar fashion, the meanings of anima vary from inhale to essential theory and sensible soul. (Mlambiti, 2006, p. 82) Our animal spirits may be much better translated, then as life-carrying liquids or essential liquids. John Locke pictured all of them as â€Å"fluid and subtle Matter, transferring through the Conduits of the Nerves†. These were assumed to transfer data between sense organs, mind and muscle tissues. In accordance with George A. Arkerlof and Robert J. Shiller (2009), Keynes looked at the animal spirits as the primary reason for exactly why the economic system varies as it does and those animal spirits can be the primary factor for the involuntary joblessness. To fully grasp the economy thus is to have an understanding of how it is related to the animal spirits. In the same way, Adam Smith’s unseen hand is the keynote of the traditional economics, Keynes’ Animal Spirits are the keynote to a completely different perspective of the financial system – a perspective that describes the root instabilities of capitalism and also the various rates of financial growth within and between countries in the world. (Keynes, 1921, p. 333) As per Arkerlof and Shiller (2009), there are actually five distinct facets of animal spirits theory which have an effect on economic judgments. These are generally assurance, fairness, corruption and

Gilbert and Sullivan Theatrical Partnership Essay

Gilbert and Sullivan Theatrical Partnership - Essay Example Sullivan was a junior of Gilbert and he was the composer and thus he was responsible for contributing memorable melodies which successfully delivered humor along with pathos. 1 The operas were successful in providing enduring and also broad international success along with performing frequently throughout the English speaking world especially. Sullivan and Gilbert basically introduced innovations along with bright new ideas in content and also form the directly influenced development which is involved in musical theatre. This practice was famous and was popular throughout the 20th century. The operas had a huge influence on the literature, film, television and also political discourse and it was widely pastiche and parodied by a humorist. The partnership of Sullivan and Gilbert was brought together by the famous producer Richard D Oyle Carte who basically nurtured and brought together the collaborations. He was responsible for building the Savoy Theatre during the year 1881 and he also presented their joint works which were popularly known as Savoy Operas and they were also responsible for founding D Oyly Carte Opera Company which was good in performing and also promoting the Sullivan’s and Gilbert’s work as a lyricist and composer for almost over a century. Gilbert and Sullivan had played a major role in influencing the English speaking world and the pop culture. Operas of Gilbert and Sullivan had become extremely popular and the lines and quotations have become an integral part of English language. The Savoy operas have played a massive role in influencing the course of development of modern musical theatre and also the political style, literature, discourse and also advertising.  

Doctor Negligence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doctor Negligence - Case Study Example The doctor should have checked the man's workplace conditions, his habits and other proclivities. A more detailed and in-depth examination would have revealed the cause. The doctor's perfunctory approach resulted in the man ultimately suffering heart attack. There are cases where even after all standard examinations patients have had heart problems. The blood can clot without notice, block blood circulation in the heart and trigger heart attacks (Sardi, Bill). Heuristics is the "rule-of-the-thumb" analysis. Other than the standard examination, doctors apply their minds to other causes responsible for ailments like heart attacks. It is possible to apply heuristics in criminology as well. The study of criminology is not limited to law enforcement agencies alone. The medical line must also go into the social and mental causes of the crime (Zalman, Marvin; 1981) In this case, although the patient had fever and was experiencing discomfort, the doctor could not find the cause for the fever. The next day the patient suffered severe infection on the side of the body the doctor did not examine. Maybe the doctor was tired and called it a day. Even then, in medical parlance, this is medical malpractice. The doctor could be legally taken to task for this lapse (Doctor Negligence, 2010) Doctors as well as criminologists need to be open to all options.

Phase4 IP Market Structure and Firm Strategy Essay

Phase4 IP Market Structure and Firm Strategy - Essay Example In this market, the price elasticity of demand is inelastic. This means, demand remains relatively unchanged with changes in price. This characterizes a monopolistic competition market structure. According to Boyes and Melvin (2013), this market structure is characterized by a downward slopping demand curve. Product differentiation largely influences demand elasticity such that the greater the differentiation, the more inelastic the demand elasticity. Therefore, Justcookbooks.com ventured into this highly differentiated market that makes it a mini-monopoly, hence the inelasticity of demand would see the demand for its cookbooks minimally affected by changes in pricing as it establishes itself in the market. Success in this market would therefore be guaranteed by seeking greater differentiation of the online cookbooks. With the argument by Schotter (2009) that greater differentiation causes greater inelasticity, greater differentiation at Justcookbooks.com would cause demand to remain unaffected by changes in pricing, hence consistent quantity demanded. For Justcookbooks.com, pricing with different types of customers and asymmetric information would be most appropriate. According to Arnold (2013), this strategy involves charging less cost per unit for those who buy more and a higher cost per unit for those buying less. Using this strategy, Justcookbooks.com would encourage purchases of high volumes which increase revenue and thus

Swimming as a Hobby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Swimming as a Hobby - Essay Example I have a dozen swim wear, five kinds of goggles, five colors of swim caps, swim towels that I only use when I go to the pool. I pack my gear in waterproof bags designed for swimming athletes. I have pool slippers, nose clips, paddle trainers, trainer boards and different kinds of skin lotion to keep my skin protected from too much sun or chlorine. I don't train and I'm not a member of any swimming team but I gear myself as I am a part of the varsity. I enjoy watching the swimming events at the Olympics. I also know a bit of diving and have enjoyed the diving competitions as well as the synchronized swimming events. My hobby has taken me to go to the beaches when I have the time. This hobby has also made me visit swimming pools in many places. I would get excited to swim in a new pool whether it is big or small, in a gymnasium, hotel or resort. As an exercise, swimming has given me good circulation and has kept me from storing up unnecessary calories. It has made me become conscious of my health that led me to activities such as looking for the right kind of vitamins, the right kind of food to eat and the right drink to take. I am not fond of alcohol and would rather drink fruit juices rather than softdrinks. I am abreast with the latest herbal and organic food that helps the body's physical and chemical functions. Many factors have influenced me to sustain this hobby. These factors constitute both internal and external forces. The self-satisfaction I get from swimming is truly rewarding. I love the water and have been enjoying anything about the water since I was young. There is that sense of freedom in the water where one could move one's whole body effortlessly and weightlessly. Besides giving me good exercise, I know that swimming releases stress from the body and the mind without having to add more stress and strain to the physique like other exercise does. External factors that help me sustain my interest in swimming is the people I get to meet in the pool or the places I could go to when I would explore vacation destinations with swimming areas or offering water sport activities. Swimming for me is not too expensive. I have not ventured into diving because of financial constraints but if I set my mind to it, I would not be shocked if I find myself in diving gears hundreds of feet underwater. I am fond of magazines that show beach destinations. Products and services that cater to swimming advertise in these magazines. Lastly, swimming as a hobby has given me fun. I believe that activities that become hobbies give the hobbyist a sense of pride, accomplishment, challenge and happiness. In this sense, the hobbyist would not hesitate to spend on goods and service for something that gives him happiness and satisfaction. Consumer Behavior Consumerism has been the life engine of many capitalist societies. Manufacturers and producers need consumers to consume their products again and again so that business is sustained. The knowledge of consumer behavior therefore is pivotal in product development, product promotions and business activities geared towards making the product reach consumers so that consumers can decide to buy these products or services. Personal, psychological and social factors influence decisions of consumers. Their decisions are based on the hierarchy of their values. "Many buying decisions require predictions of another person's product attitudes. Yet, consumers are often inaccurate predictors, even for familiar others." (Lerouge, 2006) Depending on the

Doctor Negligence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doctor Negligence - Case Study Example The doctor should have checked the man's workplace conditions, his habits and other proclivities. A more detailed and in-depth examination would have revealed the cause. The doctor's perfunctory approach resulted in the man ultimately suffering heart attack. There are cases where even after all standard examinations patients have had heart problems. The blood can clot without notice, block blood circulation in the heart and trigger heart attacks (Sardi, Bill). Heuristics is the "rule-of-the-thumb" analysis. Other than the standard examination, doctors apply their minds to other causes responsible for ailments like heart attacks. It is possible to apply heuristics in criminology as well. The study of criminology is not limited to law enforcement agencies alone. The medical line must also go into the social and mental causes of the crime (Zalman, Marvin; 1981) In this case, although the patient had fever and was experiencing discomfort, the doctor could not find the cause for the fever. The next day the patient suffered severe infection on the side of the body the doctor did not examine. Maybe the doctor was tired and called it a day. Even then, in medical parlance, this is medical malpractice. The doctor could be legally taken to task for this lapse (Doctor Negligence, 2010) Doctors as well as criminologists need to be open to all options.

Swimming as a Hobby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Swimming as a Hobby - Essay Example I have a dozen swim wear, five kinds of goggles, five colors of swim caps, swim towels that I only use when I go to the pool. I pack my gear in waterproof bags designed for swimming athletes. I have pool slippers, nose clips, paddle trainers, trainer boards and different kinds of skin lotion to keep my skin protected from too much sun or chlorine. I don't train and I'm not a member of any swimming team but I gear myself as I am a part of the varsity. I enjoy watching the swimming events at the Olympics. I also know a bit of diving and have enjoyed the diving competitions as well as the synchronized swimming events. My hobby has taken me to go to the beaches when I have the time. This hobby has also made me visit swimming pools in many places. I would get excited to swim in a new pool whether it is big or small, in a gymnasium, hotel or resort. As an exercise, swimming has given me good circulation and has kept me from storing up unnecessary calories. It has made me become conscious of my health that led me to activities such as looking for the right kind of vitamins, the right kind of food to eat and the right drink to take. I am not fond of alcohol and would rather drink fruit juices rather than softdrinks. I am abreast with the latest herbal and organic food that helps the body's physical and chemical functions. Many factors have influenced me to sustain this hobby. These factors constitute both internal and external forces. The self-satisfaction I get from swimming is truly rewarding. I love the water and have been enjoying anything about the water since I was young. There is that sense of freedom in the water where one could move one's whole body effortlessly and weightlessly. Besides giving me good exercise, I know that swimming releases stress from the body and the mind without having to add more stress and strain to the physique like other exercise does. External factors that help me sustain my interest in swimming is the people I get to meet in the pool or the places I could go to when I would explore vacation destinations with swimming areas or offering water sport activities. Swimming for me is not too expensive. I have not ventured into diving because of financial constraints but if I set my mind to it, I would not be shocked if I find myself in diving gears hundreds of feet underwater. I am fond of magazines that show beach destinations. Products and services that cater to swimming advertise in these magazines. Lastly, swimming as a hobby has given me fun. I believe that activities that become hobbies give the hobbyist a sense of pride, accomplishment, challenge and happiness. In this sense, the hobbyist would not hesitate to spend on goods and service for something that gives him happiness and satisfaction. Consumer Behavior Consumerism has been the life engine of many capitalist societies. Manufacturers and producers need consumers to consume their products again and again so that business is sustained. The knowledge of consumer behavior therefore is pivotal in product development, product promotions and business activities geared towards making the product reach consumers so that consumers can decide to buy these products or services. Personal, psychological and social factors influence decisions of consumers. Their decisions are based on the hierarchy of their values. "Many buying decisions require predictions of another person's product attitudes. Yet, consumers are often inaccurate predictors, even for familiar others." (Lerouge, 2006) Depending on the

A Soccer Story Essay Example for Free

A Soccer Story Essay Snow fluttered to the ground as Jane pulled her gold jersey closer to guard against the blistering chill. Although the miniature goblins and ghouls had just collected their annual treats, winter was already wrapping its bitterly cold hands around her. The soccer field shone, glistening from the already melting snowflakes. Even though championship game had not yet started, the Warrior stadium overflowed with rows of eager fans, enthusiastic to be watching such an important soccer match. The line of girls marched up to the slushy field to meet their adversaries, the Panthers, shivering in their gold soccer shorts. Jane could see the opposing team glance warily at them as if the game was just a waste of their time. In every heart burned the desire to win, to achieve a task never before accomplished. The Lady Warriors were on a mission: to beat the Panthers for the first time in school history. The first forty-five minutes of the game went uneventfully; both teams attempted to score, but the soccer ball was shuttled around the field like a ping-pong ball, aimlessly with no sense of direction. As they battled against their opponents, the harsh and brutal wind attacked the athletes. They had to win. They had to beat the cold. They had to beat the best team, and they had to get even. Whistle blaring, halftime was declared, and the team trudged back through the icy grass, disappointed. The winter chill was barely felt as their unspoken frustration took over. The team circled together and listened to their coachs encouragements. The shrill whistle sounded once again, and the team charged back onto the field, feeling the motivation to win, remembering Coach Smiths last words: Theres nothing you girls cant do. Jane was inspired and she rushed on the field, playing like a maniac. Suddenly, an ear-splitting crack was heard and for a second, there was silence. Perhaps her excitement blinded all other senses, but Jane only remembered seeing a blur moving in her direction before she collapsed on to the snowy field, head throbbing. Head bowed down in defeat, Jane could not bring herself to look up at the crowd surrounding her. But a solitary clap  emanated from the row of spectators, and as she lifted up her tear-streaked face, her eyes locked with those of her optimistic team mates. Unsteadily, Jane stood up and the stadium resounded with cheers. The game commenced promptly; the clock was ticking with no time to lose. Then, the words, the assertion, that made Janes fists clench, a single statement uttered by the rival coach: That girls weak, one charge at her, and shell be down again. That girl was Jane, the offensive player, the unnerving forward, and she was enraged. Stinging pain from where the ball made contact with bare skin was quickly forgotten, even as the ugly red marks remained. The biting wind whipped strands of hair in her face, and Janes eyes squinted in the icy coldness. But her mind was defiantly set: she was on a mission to score. Adrenaline rushed through her bloodstream and her heart pounded rapidly as she rushed down the field. Jane swiftly maneuvered the ball with exact precision, imagining the moment the ball would enter the opponents goal. It was amazing how much satisfaction one solitary act could reward a person. One moment the white jersey of the defensive girl was coming at Janes way, ready to charge and steal the ball away. At the next instant, the sky was looking quite beautiful, sun shining, as the ball sailed swiftly into the white net. The whistle sounded shrilly and the multitude of onlookers erupted with excitement, the Warriors had defied an age old tradition, defeating the long-standing champions. The accomplishment, the pain-it made Jane triumphant that day. Against the odds, the underdog emerged victorious on the battlefield.

Are Terrorism And Globalization Linked Politics Essay

Are Terrorism And Globalization Linked Politics Essay While a precise definition of the term has yet to be established, many of the currently employed definitions use similar concepts. The University of Colorado at Boulder (2002) describes the global economy as one in which the main international players are corporations and lacking a structure tied to national boundaries. Refusing to assign a specific definition to the term, the World Bank (2000) describes it primarily as  ¿Ã‚ ½the observation that in recent years a quickly rising share of economic activity in the world seems to be taking place between people who live in different countries, ¿Ã‚ ½ or, more simply, an increase in international economic activities. The Center for Strategic International Studies (2002) attempts to precisely define globalization, calling it  ¿Ã‚ ½a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. ¿Ã‚ ½ The International Monetary Fund (2000) offers the broadest summary of globalization, referring to it as  ¿Ã‚ ½the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows, ¿Ã‚ ½ adding,  ¿Ã‚ ½The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization. ¿Ã‚ ½ Globalization is  ¿Ã‚ ½the increased mobility of goods, services, labour, technology and capital throughout the world, ¿Ã‚ ½ according to the Government of Canada (2005). Rainer Tetzlaff (1998) writes that globalization encompasses many aspects, including increasing international transactions, new communications technologies, an increasing complex division of labor and goods distribution, quick turnover of concepts and consumer patterns, and a significant increase in transnational institutions and political movements. Globa lization is  ¿Ã‚ ½a process of growing interdependence between all people of this planet, ¿Ã‚ ½ according to the International Labour Organization (1996) and mentions economical interdependence. Even the cynical Progressive Living organization (2001) talks about globalization from an economic standpoint, calling it  ¿Ã‚ ½a process, well underway, which trends toward the undermining of national sovereignty, and therefore citizen ¿Ã‚ ½s [sic] rights, in favor of the economic interests of gigantic transnational corporations. ¿Ã‚ ½ All of these definitions of the term agree on the economic aspect of globalization. The process began as one of increasingly international business dealings. However, it is ignorant to not consider other aspects of globalization. A good definition for it is an economically-driven process of business which also makes ideas, cultural behaviors, technologies, and politics global concepts and lead to greater interaction among previously separated groups and/or nations. It seems that this is the most succinct and precise the definition of globalization can be without ignoring many important aspects of it as some of the previously mentioned definitions do. Globalization and Terrorism In recent years, the world has seen many terrorist attacks or attempted attacks in locations other than where the terrorist(s) originated from. Notably, the majority of these attacks involved Muslim extremist groups. A Madrid train was bombed, as was a London subway. United States embassies in African nations were attacked. Airplanes were hijacked and flown into the World Trade Center in New York. Australia narrowly avoided a terrorist attack. In each of these cases, the terrorists did not come from the country that was targeted. When the media covers the fight against terrorists, people often hear that a government is doing something to stop them without sending any military personnel somewhere in response. Instead, financial assets are frozen to slow terrorists. Terrorist websites may be taken offline. Group cells may be discovered within a targeted country and be shut down by local, state, and/or federal law enforcement officers. Considering what is known about globalization and the current situation of international terrorist activity, one could draw a correlation between globalization and terrorism. It certainly seems that the two are connected. In a speech at the World Media Conference, John O ¿Ã‚ ½Sullivan (2004) identified four components of what he called the  ¿Ã‚ ½world crisis: ¿Ã‚ ½ globalization itself, the mass migration of people over frontiers and the consequent spread of ethnic diasporas, the increased power of religion over secular philosophies, and the extension of the powers and influence of transnational organizations. Are globalization and terrorism linked in any way(s)? If so, how are they linked? By answering these questions, it may be possible to see if globalization causes international terrorism, if international terrorism is simply an unfortunate side effect of globalization or some of its aspects, or if no link exists between the two. Globalization Facilitating Terrorism Some aspects of globalization facilitate terrorism. At its basest meaning, globalization means internationalization. Something is taken from a national setting and projected across the world. Certain nations adopt this, others reject it. When most nations do accept it and adopt it, globalization is taking place. Cronin (2002) suggests that terrorism cemented itself as an international phenomenon in the 1970s and 1980s,  ¿Ã‚ ½evolving in part ¿Ã‚ ½ in reaction to the dramatic explosion of international media influence. ¿Ã‚ ½ At this point in time, news media was truly becoming international in scope. Many broadcasting companies maintained correspondents or sister stations in other nations, sharing information back and forth. This would lead to the first visions of terrorism for many peoples who had never seen it. Presently, the media can be responsible for perpetuating the climate of international terror.  ¿Ã‚ ½For example, there may no longer be ¿Ã‚ ½ a globally organised terror network, but ¿Ã‚ ½ the media have globalised our perception of terror ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gray, 2005). Another aspect to this concept is that the media can be used by terrorists for their purposes. Campbell (2001) reminds his readers Osama bin Laden released his now-infamous recorded statements using instruments of globalization. Many have seen video of bin Laden on American media outlets even though it was originally released to regional network Al-Jazeera. International media certainly is not the main byproduct that facilitates terror. Perhaps the main facilitator stemming from globalization is communications technologies. There are many devices taken for granted in Western society that changed the way terrorists operate, especially digital communications device. Clansmen fighting Americans in Somalia in the early 1990s used digital phones that could not be tapped (Carmody, 2005). The internet, mobile phones, and instant messaging have given many terrorist groups a truly global reach. Leading up to the September 11 attacks, al-Qaeda operatives used Yahoo e-mail, while the presumed leader made reservations online and other members researched topics such as using crop dusters to release chemical agents (Cronin, 2002). Perhaps even more troubling is that these technologies can be used to disperse terrorists to different locations yet stay connected. Cells can stay in touch through internet communications while websites spread ideologies ( Cronin, 2002). It is estimated that al-Qaeda operates in over sixty countries now as a result of using technologies inspired by globalization (Campbell, 2001). According to Campbell (2001), many things sophisticated Western societies have adopted to become more efficient are leaving them more vulnerable to attacks. This includes policies of free trade, relaxed immigration policies, and streamlined border crossing policies. Rojecki (2005) claims the  ¿Ã‚ ½transportation infrastructures that had been credited by some ¿Ã‚ ½ had been used by terrorists. ¿Ã‚ ½ This includes both national and international travel systems. Even financial systems created to make international business simpler can be used for terror instead. Cronin (2002) points out that the fluid movement of financial resources can help terrorists, citing the United States ¿Ã‚ ½ invasion as an example. While the allied forces closed in on the Taliban, money collected by small businessmen was moved across the border by operatives and transferred through an informal banking system to the United Arab Emirates. From there, it became gold bullion and was sent around the world before it could be seized. More concerning is the way organizations are beginning to gather funds to operate. There are many groups with global financing networks, most of them recognized as foreign terrorist organizations. Their sources include nonprofit organizations and charities (whose donors may or may not be aware of their monies ¿Ã‚ ½ use), companies which send revenue to illegal activities, illegal enterprises, and websites set up for donations.  ¿Ã‚ ½The terrorist attacks showed that political globalization is as powerful a phenomenon as the globalization of the economy ¿Ã‚ ½ (Na ¿Ã‚ ½m, 2002). To deal with ever-increasing international relations, many organizations were set up, including the United Nations, the North American Treaty Organizations, the Organization of American States, and so on. In these forums, many people can come together to share ideas. At the same time, similar forums provide a hub for ideas and processes of coordination and cooperation used by terrorists. It is apparent that many things inspired to grow or be created by globalization have unexpectedly been used to facilitate terrorist operations. The international media has made the world much more aware of their aims and activities. Communications technologies have been used to frustrate opposition forces ore ease operations within terrorist groups. Modern conveniences and economic policies have even been known to facilitate terror in some way. International financial systems can help terrorists hide their assets or gather funds. Political globalization can help terrorists meet and share ideas and procedures. It is not a stretch to claim that there are many aspects of globalization that have unfortunately been used to help terrorists. Does Globalization Cause Terrorism? Although a peripheral link between globalization and terrorism has been established, it does not answer a simpler question. Does globalization cause international terrorism? Haydar Bas is quoted by Kuru (2005) as saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization is a concept originating from the West which has became [sic] a fa ¿Ã‚ ½ade to adamantly impose particular ideas on underdeveloped countries, such as the claim that the borders are removed and nations are cooperating by ignoring their economic, cultural, and civilizational differences. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ There are a few hypotheses in support of the idea. These hypotheses fall into four main categories: cultural differences, economic disparity, political frustration, and clashing market systems. There are also claims that globalization and international terrorism are not linked at all. Foreign Policy (2005) found  ¿Ã‚ ½little correlation between a country ¿Ã‚ ½s level of global integration and the number of significant international te rrorist attacks on its soil. ¿Ã‚ ½ It even claims globalization may help countries combat terrorism. However, this study solely looks at numbers; the question to be answered here cannot rely solely on quantitative data. Cultural differences introduced by globalization are thought of as the main cause of international terrorism. If the hypothesis is true that cultural differences cause international terrorism, then it can certainly be said that globalization indirectly causes terrorism. Cronin (2002) states,  ¿Ã‚ ½Foreign intrusions and growing awareness of shrinking global space have created incentives to use the ideal asymmetrical weapon, terrorism, for more ambitious purposes. ¿Ã‚ ½ She also says indigenous peoples blame the perceived corruption of their customs, religions, and languages on an international system American behavior unconsciously molds. The CQ Researcher (2001) mentions cultural differences as a source of conflict many times. Conservative societies are offended by the media image of the United States. There may not be enough solid evidence of cultural differences inciting terrorism though. Campbell (2001) writes,  ¿Ã‚ ½Debates within [the Middle East] center only in the most trivial way on Western  ¿Ã‚ ½contamination, ¿Ã‚ ½ such as by pop music and video games, of their cultures. ¿Ã‚ ½ Rojecki (2005) even says the Huntington hypothesis (culture as the major source of anti-globalization)  ¿Ã‚ ½receives comparatively little support in [the media], perhaps because of the Bush administration ¿Ã‚ ½s strenuous efforts to divide ¿Ã‚ ½ al-Qaeda from Islam in general. ¿Ã‚ ½ It seems that cultural hypotheses for international terrorism lack solid support and are only popular because they take into account the most obvious differences between the West and Middle East. Economic disparity is another source of hypotheses concerning globalization and international terrorism. The recent invasion of Iraq portrays an  ¿Ã‚ ½image of the West as an enlightened but militarized and muscular liberator, ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½recoups the reality of the global North as ¿Ã‚ ½ a site of mass consumption in a world of horrifying need ¿Ã‚ ½ (Barkawi, 2004). The CQ Researcher (2001) also explores economic disparity as a source of terrorism.  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½With globalization, people tend to compare themselves with bigger and bigger groups, and if you ¿Ã‚ ½re in a poor village in Egypt what you see in U.S. television sitcoms are people with a lot of money, ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ David Byman is quoted. However, economic disparity alone does not seem like it would inspire international terrorism, no matter how well-off Western nations are compared to the rest of the world. There are plenty of nations that are as bad as or worse-off than the Middle East that do not engage in international terrorist activity. That point alone discredits the economic disparity hypothesis. The category of political frustration has two different theories concerning globalization and terrorism. The first theory, presented by Kuru (2005), claims,  ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization challenges a specific type of state, one that aims to homogenize its citizens through sociocultural policies. ¿Ã‚ ½ This is true of the Middle East and untrue of Western nations. Western nations, being mainly democratic, do not attempt to lump their citizens together as one; rather, a great deal of diversity is present in them. In the Middle East, internal strife is intense, as one group of leaders tries to claim power and keep all people under its law. It does not seem that this challenge should concern leaders very much, considering they constantly struggle against internal opponents. It seems the leader could simply ban access to any international influence. The other type of theory in this category is blaming the West for internal strife. Most of the time, this involves Western nations interfering and installing unfit leaders. As far as politics are concerned, Rojecki (2005), states,  ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization is a cover for reinforcing American dominance with the UN as a fig leaf ¿Ã‚ ½ the United States is said to support corrupt regimes that routinely violate human rights. ¿Ã‚ ½ Carmody (2005) agrees with this idea, saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½Support for repressive governments ¿Ã‚ ½ are likely to prove unstable as [it generates]  ¿Ã‚ ½blowback, ¿Ã‚ ½ unintended negative consequences. ¿Ã‚ ½ History has seen Western installation of repressive regimes throughout the world, so this point has more bearing than the former. Despite any Western nations ¿Ã‚ ½ actions to install ineffective governments, it seems the affected nations are no better at helping themselves. The CQ Researcher (2001) points out,  ¿Ã‚ ½The Muslim world never underwent a movement like the 18th-century Enlightenment in the West, which hastened the demise of religious influence in government. ¿Ã‚ ½ Considering the tendency of the region to reject secular government, it seems the best government to be installed, if secular, would be rejected. Western nations, wary of Islamic terror, cannot be blamed for avoiding the installation of Islamic governments. The final type of hypothesis considers clashing markets, a concept that has not been considered enough. Mousseau (2002) pins the problem of international terrorism solely on this aspect of globalization, stating,  ¿Ã‚ ½In this mixed economy, the clash of clientalist and market cultures can lead to illiberal and unstable democracy, military dictatorship, state failure, sectarian violence, or some combination thereof. ¿Ã‚ ½ It seems that this scenario could lead to the conditions Carmody (2005) claims are responsible for providing opportunity for transnational terrorism,  ¿Ã‚ ½Islamic fundamentalism ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½failed states, ¿Ã‚ ½ and the lack of effective territorial control. ¿Ã‚ ½ Clientalist societies and market societies are naturally clashing entities. To summarize, clientalist societies see cooperation as the exchange of gifts, base trust on life-long friendships within small, approved groups, and are very hierarchical. Middle Eastern nations are clientalist societ ies. Market societies place less emphasis on small, approved group loyalty and encourage cooperation with new groups and base loyalty on an agreed-upon sanctity of contracts. Western nations are market societies.  ¿Ã‚ ½From the clientalist perspective, however, those with market values are from out-groups and thus are untrustworthy. Moreover, by expressing self-interest, individuals with market values ¿Ã‚ ½ appear to have no culture and are seemingly interested in little beyond the crude pursuit of material gain ¿Ã‚ ½ (Mousseau, 2002). When this concept is paired with the fact that when people in developing countries see the breakdown of traditional relationships and the surfacing of zero-sum anarchy, they relate them to growing Westernization of their societies, it is not difficult to see that there is potential in this hypothesis. There are two more factors within clientalist societies that contribute to international terrorism. First, privileged persons often emerge as terrorist leaders because they have the most to lose from globalization. They exploit the hierarchical structure and gather many patrons from the economically lowest parts of society. To keep their patrons ¿Ã‚ ½ loya lty, leaders must demonstrate strength. Second, in this society ¿Ã‚ ½s perspective, individuals are responsible for the actions of the entire group. Therefore, terrorist attacks that kill innocent people are justified because leaders are showing strength by killing guilty people (Mousseau, 2002). The hypothesis of clashing market systems is the best explanation for international terrorism. It does need to be further researched and tested to confirm its plausibility, but it definitely seems to be the most rational explanation for international terrorism. Mousseau (2002) sums up his hypothesis by saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½The underlying cause of terror: the deeply embedded anti-market rage brought on by the forces of globalization. ¿Ã‚ ½ Conclusion Globalization is an economically-driven process of business which also makes ideas, cultural behaviors, technologies, and politics global concepts and lead to greater interaction among previously separated groups and/or nations. Recent terrorist attacks and attempted attacks have raised the question: Are globalization and international terrorism connected? There are aspects to globalization that have inadvertently facilitated the rise of international terrorism. International media, communications technologies, conveniences, and international finances have facilitated terrorism on a global scale. The more important question is: Does globalization cause terrorism? The answer to that is unclear. There are many hypotheses, considering cultural differences, economic disparity, political frustration, and clashing market systems. The concept of clashing market systems seems to best answer the question. The theory definitely finds globalization greatly contributes to international terrorism but is not itself the only cause. However, the theory should be further tested and researched to verify its worth.

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Heart of Darkness ?gHeart of Darkness?h, written by Joseph Conrad, holds thematically a wide range of references to problems of politics, morality and social order. It was written in a period when European exploitation of Africa was at a gruesome height. Conrad uses double oblique narration. A flame narrator reports the story as told by Marlow, assigned to the command of a river steamboat scheduled to transport an exploring expedition. Kurtz is a first-agent at an important trading post of ivory, located in the interior of the Congo. Both Marlow and Kertz found the reality through their work in Africa. Marlow felt great indignation with people in the sepulchral city after his journey to the Congo region because he discovered, through his work, the reality of the universe, such as the great virtue of efficiency, the darkness in society and individuals and the surface reality. When Kurtz found himself on his deathbed and he said ?gThe horror, The horror referring to his life in inner A frica, which caused him disintegration. Marlow emphasized the virtue of ?gefficiency?h throughout the story because he thought of it as the only way to survive in the wilderness. After seeing the dying natives in the forest of the outer station, Marlow described them as ?ginefficient.?h Under ?gthe devotion to efficiency,?h incompetent people were excluded from society. Only efficient people can survive. For example, since Kurtz was the most efficient agent, with regards to producing ivory, his employers respected his achievement and regarded him as an essential person. However, once he fell into disintegration, he was considered no more the than dying natives and thus was treated as if he were dead. He was then buried in the darkness. The symbol of inefficiency was the color green. Marlow illustrated a picture of dying natives, when he said, ?g[They were] black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom?h(20). Another example of inefficiency is shown i n the description of the body of Marlow?fs predecessor as ?gThe grass growing through his ribs was tall enough to hide his bones?h(13). Marlow realized the real darkness did not existed in Africa but in Europe, and not in Africans but in Europeans who engaged in colonial exploitation, including Kurtz. Due to the natives?f physical features and customs like cannibalism, Marlow defined Africans as the darkness. On the other hand, he considered Europeans as the light because of his illusions of civilization.

Performance-based Compensation - Pay for Performance Essay -- Job Work

Performance-based Compensation - Pay for Performance Corporations are looking for new ways to improve employee performance as well as remain competitive. Pay for performance is one method some businesses are utilizing to improve employee performance. Performance-based compensation exists when compensation is tied directly to that portion of an individual’s performance that can be effectively measured. There are a number of ways in which this may be accomplished and a number of examples as well how it is applied. One of the oldest examples is taken from the ancient Egyptians, where slaves working in the pyramids were given bread for superior performance. Payment of commission for sales production is one of the methods used today. Most will agree that knowledge is the ‘key’ resource in this post-industrial economy. The challenge for many companies is developing an organization that creates and cultivates knowledge and learning. Pay plays a significant role in shaping workplace behavior. Most of the traditional pay systems reward the job the individual performs rather than the skills he/she brings to the job. The system is not being able to reward the things the company needs and this presents a barrier. The trend has moved away from pay for the value of the job, service and seniority. It is being replaced with paying for skills, knowledge, competency, performance and productivity, all which can be delivered through different invitations, from changes to base pay to introducing gainsharing. HOW DOES PAY FOR PERFORMANCE WORK? If part or all of the one’s salary is contingent on how well you actually perform your job, one will go the extra mile. The individual will attack his/her work with vigor and revel in the rewards. And... ...aining 34, Number 12 (December 1998): 34-40 Hays, Scott. "Pros & Cons of Pay for Performance." Workforce 78, Number 2 (February 1997): 68-72 Johnson, Sam T. "Plan your organization’s reward strategy through pay for performance dynamics: Compensation & Benefits Review 30, Number 3: (May/June 1998): 67-72 Kalbaugh, G. Edward. "Opportunity Compensation." Rough Notes 141, Number 7 (July 1998): 71-72 Marino, Sal F. "Pay your rank and file fairly." Industry Week 248, Number 3 (February 1999): 18 Morrison, Arnold. "Performance Management and Pay Programs." [http://www/mdcs.state.mi.us/wf_aquis/Programs2.htm]. April 1997. "Bonus and Incentive Pay Plans – FAQ." [http://www.ipma-hr.org/research/bonusfaq.htm]. January 1999. "Guidelines for Administration of Merit Pay Plan." [http://www.hr.ucsd.edu/docs/classification/merits/guideline.html]. September 1998.