Reflective Account Free Essays

Social work methods in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social work techniques by and by - Essay Example This turned into the premise of helpful work; the utilization of physical environmental factors and how individuals identified with others to handle mental issues. (Anning et al, 2006) There are various systems that might be followed when a social work is completing restorative work. A portion of these incorporate making of an agreeable and agreeable which permits the kid to open up without any problem. The advisor must not hold any hindrances or assumptions about the youngster for basic work. It is likewise basic to guarantee all sentiments are perused quickly and important activity taken in light of these emotions. A social specialist must not disparage the youngster's ability to determine his/her own battles. Youngsters must be permitted to communicate unreservedly without the social laborer attempting to control the discussion a specific way. Abundant time ought to likewise be given to the helpful meeting so all the hidden parts of the issue are revealed. In conclusion, the social laborer must guarantee that a few limits have been sent since kids need limits to cause them to feel ensured. Limits additionally fortify the youngster's sentiments of trust towards t he social specialist. One ought to likewise guarantee that they let the youngster realize that whatever the kid is trusting in them will stay private. (Beckett and Walker, 2004) The model is Why the model is a type of good working practice The model is fitting since it has indicated a decent portion of results. In an investigation done on certain youngsters who had been organized and afterward taken through restorative consideration, it was discovered that dominant part of the kids didn't return to the establishment and indicated positive outcome in their conduct. (Trevithick, 2006) Research has likewise demonstrated that youngsters who experience treatment while showing side effects of steady wrongdoing have less odds of being bound. These youngsters have likewise been accounted for to demonstrating less upheavals or they do as such in less days than before they began the treatment. This model of social work is additionally acceptable working practice since it manages youngsters showing socially degenerate conduct. It has brought about less possibility of youngsters fleeing from their homes particularly the individuals who have been embraced. In conclusion, the model helps youngsters with low confidence since it causes them to feel significant. It likewise helps youngsters who come up short on a self personality. Through the collaborations between the youngster and the social specialist, meaning of what decides a kid's personality are set and it gets workable for the kid to have the option to relate well with all the individuals encompassing them. This is because of the way that a chid will have the option to relate well with every single others encompassing them. (Trevithick, 2006) Points of interest and burdens of helpful work with youngsters Points of interest This model is very adaptable. It permits youngsters to communicate in a domain that is regular and free t them. Such a domain has consistently been certify with giving great outcomes as it separates hindrances between the social laborer and the youngster. This adaptability doesn't in any capacity bargain the focal point of the strategy. This is on the grounds that there are various cutoff points and limits that are set by the advocate and kids can work inside these cutoff points. (Slope, 1999) The technique has a solid hypothetical premise. It is significant for a model to combine hypothetical qualities with a down to earth approach. This

Story of an hour by Kate Chopins

Story of an hour by Kate Chopins Reaction on Mrs. Mallard Actions Towards Her Husbands Death Home›Literary Analysis Posts›Reaction on Mrs. Mallard Actions Towards Her Husbands Death Literary Analysis PostsA good part of the “Story of an hour” by Kate Chopin’s is based on the Mrs. Mallard when she is informed of her husband’s death in a train accident. Even though the first part of the paragraph makes the readers believe that she was actually affected by the death, the mourners are so careful not to say anything too cause too much anxiety and excitement in her future life.To some extent, Mrs. Mallard reaction to her husband’s death is justifiable but on the other hand it can be argued that she was self involved because of her quest for everlasting freedom. After receiving the news concerning his death, she got distracted for a short time but afterwards, she soon starts to think about her own life and future, a thing that a mourning person should not do. Even though she has been trapped in a bad relatio nship for years and she has been yearning for freedom she could not have reacted the way she did.To some extent the author seems to sympathize with her, she was too calculating and cold as a result of her reaction towards her husband’s death. She is selfish to an extent of thinking just about her and the future holds for her. She can only trust her feelings even though friends and relatives are present to offer her comfort. These actions are not justifiable she could have masked her feelings in their presence.The reaction of Mrs Mallard for husband’s death is not justifiable.   She felt may felt free if her husband was in control because the husband loved her dearly. The husband could have granted her freedom even if he was a live, so there is no need of her reacting in a callous manner. Though she was mourning him, inwardly he was happy that he was finally dead and therefore she could enjoy her freedom. This is not justifiable because no married woman should react the way she d id towards the death of her husband. Every person can be happy if she if finally free, but no woman will wish for her man’s death.During the mourning of her husband, Mrs. Mallard said it repeatedly under her breath: free, free, free! The vacant look and terror that was present in her in her utterance followed it into and escaped her eyes. They remained bright and keen. She kept saying free! Body and soul free. She dearly fancied her freedom after her husband’s death and was not bothered of what others will think about her.Finally, Mrs. Mallard was shocked with and disappointed when she met her husband because she was already used to enjoying her freedom and living independently without him. Her reaction is totally unjustifiable because a caring wife after being informed of a husbands’ death, will be in real mourning after hearing the news and hope that it was merely a dream. Additionally, her action is further being condemned on the basis of her joyful response towards the hus band’s revelation of freedom. She was really happy that the husband is now dead and no woman should feel the way she did. It is justifiable to say that she might as well did kill him herself.

Medicinal Marijuana Should Be Legal - 1512 Words

Marijuana popularly known as cannabis can also be used in the treatment of several ailments apart from its misuse. There are several differences that have been marked with the knowledge pertaining the medical consumption of cannabinoids and cannabis in a variety of sicknesses. For vomiting and nausea that is associated with chemotherapy of cancer, cachexia in HIV, anorexia, chronic, spasticity in numerous sclerosis and injury of the spinal cord are strong evidences of the medicinal benefits of the plant. For several indications, like pruritus, epilepsy and depression, there is lesser data on the topic. However, methodical evidence for specific indications do not inevitably replicate the definite relaxing potential for a particular disease. Medical studies focusing on cannabinoids or the whole preparation of the plant (whether extracted or smoked) have frequently been stimulated by optimistic anecdotal understandings by patients who employ crude products of cannabis. Medicinal Marijua na should be legal because it enhances appetite, has relaxing effects, and there are therapeutic and analgesia in the syndrome of Tourette as revealed in this method(Healey and Justin). Medicinal Marijuana experts, state; incidental observations have been published by therapeutic means of its useful effects. This was realized with the disease of Alzheimer when the primary matter was an examination of the way it stimulates appetite of patients. Not only body weight and appetite, but it alsoShow MoreRelatedMarijuana Should Be Legal For Medicinal Purposes924 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana Should Be Legal for Medicinal Purposes You may be surprised, but there are many benefits to medical marijuana. Marijuana should only be legal for medicinal conditions because of the benefits to treat diseases and symptoms. The medical conditions would be inflammation, brain injury, etc... Marijuana should be legalized as it’s been recommended by the doctor for the dosage because it is good for other medical conditions such as chronic pain, brain injury, inflammation, and other symptomsRead MoreEssay on Medicinal Marijuana Should Be Legal690 Words   |  3 Pagesprohibiting the use of marijuana it is hard to see why it is needed. There are a few basic reasons why marijuana should be legal, and although there are nay sayers , no one can deny facts. People who try to protest the use of marijuana usually have not done their research on the subject. In this essay, I will present you the facts so you the reader can make your own decisions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When you watch the news there are many stories that involve marijuana use, and violenceRead MoreEssay Medicinal Marijuana Should Be Legal1913 Words   |  8 Pagesresults disregarding any possible side effects. Drugs which act as painkillers in the body may become very addictive and misuse can be fatal. While we should not shun western medicine, patients should be offered other types of treatment. I believe that those who are being treated with over the counter medication should be given the option of using marijuana. The problems with prescription drugs consist of health risks, dependence, misuse, cost, and effectiveness. Constantly are there advertisementsRead MoreMedicinal Marijuana: Should It Be Legal in All States? Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not marijuana should be legal for medicinal purposes in all fifty states. Many people believe that marijuana is an unsuitable substitute for many of the medications we have today. On the other hand, many researchers have conducted extensive studies that have shown how beneficial medicinal marijuana can be. Many states have already picked up on this, and have laws set in place to allow the use of medicinal marijuana. Medicinal marijuana has a wide variety of uses, and should be allowed forRead MoreShould States Have Legal Control of Medicinal Marijuana?1911 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: SHOULD STATES HAVE LEGAL CONTROL OF MARIJUANA Should States Have Legal Control of Medicinal Marijuana? Richard J. Radde Columbia Southern University Abstract The use of marijuana for medicinal treatment has recently been an argumentive issue in state politics. The intent of this paper is to inform the reader of the benefits of using marijuana to assist patients with incurable diseases and to prove that states should have the right to legally control the use of it. State’sRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medicinal Marijuana1382 Words   |  6 Pagesof medicinal marijuana is a very controversial topic within Australia. Recently, Victoria took the first steps to legalise medicinal marijuana, referenced in Victorian Government s Access to Medicinal Cannabis Bill 2015 (12th April 2016) and passed by the Victorian Parliament. This is the beginning of â€Å"the process of enabling patients to access medicinal cannabis.† In spite of this forward move, the debate still rages. There are valid and significant stances about whether marijuana should be legalisedRead MoreContinuous Debates about the Legalization of Marijuana Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Legalization of marijuana is a notorious topic in the world today, and like any other contentious subject, it has number of support, and opposition. The valid points for both sides are plentiful, and each side feels very strong about their position on the topic. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug used for medicinal purposes, and as an illicit drug (Earleywine 34). Marijuana is the most commonly used drug in the world today. Marijuana has a psychoactive effect, and this has made it recognizedRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legal?1604 Words   |  7 Pagespharmaceutical drugs, are legal because over time people have realized that there is a cure for their temporary pain; although, arguably some have negative side effects worse than the original diagnosis. But there still is a dispute on certain illegal drugs because while some people prefer the outcome of having it legal, others strongly do not. Should their opinion solely dominate whether other people can have the ability to choose? Hopefully not, that s why tobacco is legal (and far more damaging)Read MoreThe Case Of Gonzalez Vs. Raich941 Words   |  4 Pagesnumerous treatments and medicines to help her with the pain, but nothing has seemed to work. In 1996 voters in the State of California voted that the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes should be legal. In November 1996 the law was put into use. Angel s physician decided to try marijuana for her condition. The use of the medical marijuana had alleviated Angel s pain. That being said Angel and her physician could finally relax since they had seem to find a cure. Angel was living the life thatRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legal1641 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Recognizing that marijuana will be in the market for a while, this paper will pinpoint detailed information on the production, transportation, effects of marijuana, and its effective control. The review of the claims integrated in the paper offers evidence and conclusive results of the local and foreign production. While using marijuana can be unsafe to a person, it is not as nearly as harmful as the stereotypes about marijuana claim to be. Furthermore, the drug seems to be well established

Causes of Homelessness in San Antonio - 888 Words

There are an estimated 2,981 homeless people in San Antonio each day. Out of these, 1,243 were unsheltered and a staggering 31% of those are people with families. In addition, the average age of a homeless child in San Antonio is 6 years old. An overall picture shows that homelessness has dropped nearly four percent from 2012 to 2013. Further, an average of 610,042 people are homeless across the United States on any given night. â€Å"Of that number, 36 percent – 222,197 people – were in families, representing a drop of 7 percent for that group† (Chappell, 2013, p. #). More than a third of these people were not found in shelters, abandoned buildings, cars, or under bridges. Although, there has been a small decline in homelessness,†¦show more content†¦The goal is to help individuals gain and keep permanent housing. In addition, it will also offer an In-House Recovery Program, which is dedicated to helping free individuals from substance abuse. How would someone know if they were eligible? First, the individual would need to verify they are homeless, (someone who lacks a fixed, regular, or adequate nighttime residence and lacks sufficient means or support system to obtain housing). Next, they would need to be 18 years or older with a government-issued ID. They would also need to be sober and be able to care for themselves independently. Also, they would need to be willing to commit to working with a case manager toward a goal of sustained, self-sufficient life and willing to participate in activities geared at achieving self-sufficiency. The goal would be to help people obtain the resources and support they need to obtain permanent housing. Their stay is determined on their engagement towards that goal. The homeless are impacted far more by everyday issues than those who are not. Often times, homeless children can be sick four times as much as middle class children and have superior rates of acute and recurring illnesses. In addition, they experience emotional and behavioral problems can hinder with learning at almost three times the rate of other children. â€Å"Homeless children between 6 and 17 years struggle with high rates of mental health problems. For example, 47% have problemsShow MoreRelatedA Sociological Perspective On Homelessness1587 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently, the rates of homelessness in America continue to drastically increase. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2012) depicted how many people are homeless in a single night in America. The findings revealed that there were approximately 633,782 people who are homeless in America or 20 out of every 10,000. Approximately 394,379 are single individuals and 239,403 are people in families with 77,1 57 homeless families in a single night, and approximately 162, 246 are childrenRead MoreHomelessness and Mental Illness1095 Words   |  5 Pagesas well. Homelessness and mental illness are linked. These two happenings have similar beginnings. Homelessness is influenced by drug and alcohol disuse, being homeless at a young age, money problems, and trauma symptoms. Mental illness is caused by many of the same things, but it can also happen at birth. The effects that each entity has on a person are comparable. Rehabilitation is a necessary process if a victim of homelessness and or mental illness wants to rejoin society. Homelessness and mentalRead MoreHomelessness : The Homeless People Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesHomelessness can be a temporary condition that people fall into in the United States when they cannot afford to pay for a place to live, or when their current home is unsafe or unstable. The estimated amount of homeless people in the United States is about 3 million. (Na tional Alliance to end Homeless) In 2014, there are approximately 578,424 people in a single night that experience being homeless. In my opinion, the United States should have more shelters to help the homeless people instead of spendingRead MoreThe Outcasts Of Society, The Lazy And Incompetent, Or The Victims Of Extreme Misfortunes?1607 Words   |  7 Pagesculture of homelessness, we will demystify, learning the how’s, when’s and why’s. It is essential not to get lost within the presentation of stats and facts. But, to digest the information, reverting it back to our own lives. In doing so, we will see how near or far we are to the brinks of homelessness. Careful! As the degrees of separation maybe not be so plentiful.† Homelessness According to a recent point in time by a survey provided by the National Alliance to End Homelessness, an estimatedRead MoreA Survey On Homelessness And Poverty1404 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent point in time by a survey provided by the National Alliance to End Homelessness, an estimated 740000 individuals are experiencing homelessness at any particular time in America (Aratani). Additionally, an approximated 3.5 million individuals are at risk of experiencing temporary homelessness at a certain point in a particular year with some 1.35 million children based on the report by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty (Aratani). In 2005, 50 percent of the cities in the US wereRead MoreHomelessness Is A Problem Of Homelessness1658 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness in Society Imagine you are homeless and have no shelter, or nowhere to go. You walk through storms in the same clothes you had on a week ago. You look around for help, but there is none. What would you do? Or imagine you are one of the forgotten ones, whom people call dirty, and disgusting. Suddenly you hear footsteps, with hope filled inside you, and then a sudden sadness strikes you as the 1378th careless person walks by you and doesn t notice you. All you want is somewhere to sleepRead MoreThe Homeless: Discarded Like Garbage1052 Words   |  5 Pages Homelessness affects millions each year within the United States with poverty-stricken children roaming the streets, prostitutes on every street corner, and Vietnam veterans sick with mental illnesses. With today’s failing economy, homelessness is a common thing to see in massive cities such as Los Angeles where Central City East, more commonly known as Skid Row, contains the largest amount of homeless persons within our country. Inside this area, camping tents are frequently seen on the streetsRead MoreNo-Kill Shelter Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe animals for space is right. Stray dogs and cats have just as much right to a good home as pets that already have owners. No-Kill shelters are beneficial, they provide a safe, pet-friendly environment that would help solve the problems of pet homelessness and overpopulations, as a result of spay and neuter being provided as well. For a no-kill shelter to work, it requires the cooperation of multiple staff members and part-time volunteers, also including local rescues, pet owners and vets. AlthoughRead MoreUnderstanding Police Use of Force, Interrogations, Deceit and Trickery1161 Words   |  5 Pagessituational factors, race and ethnicity, training and police subculture. The decision to use force in situational factors occurs quite frequently. The more police-citizen contact is present in areas where there is a higher percentage of minorities, homelessness and the mentally ill the more opportunity exists for the use of force. In terms of race and ethnicity, research has shown that Black and Hispanic officers apply the use of force more frequently against minority suspects than White suspects andRead MoreI First Learned About The Field Of Social Work At The End1825 Words   |  8 Pageslocal shelter in San Antonio. I remember sitting there in the dimly lit, cramped room of bunk beds, my thoughts full of un certainty about the future. What was next? Where would we go? Will life always be this way? This was my first glimpse into homelessness. I don’t believe that I will ever forget the feelings I had during that time in my life. I know that what I have experienced is nothing compared to many others who are living on the streets or experiencing long-term homelessness, but I plan to hold

The Upside to Influence of Social Media Essay Samples

The Upside to Influence of Social Media Essay Samples The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. It is very important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of social networking to be able to maximize the advantages and minimize the negative effect on the individuals and the increased society. One of the advantages of the social media is its tremendous potential for communication with an assortment of groups and in quite a few ways. It's essential to note that due to the high rise in the use and acceptability of social media it's fast being adopted as an official channel of communication especially in the industry world. If it weren't for the media society wouldn't be informed about world events and situations that are happening within it. Overall, the media has created many advantages for society, and it has produced a completely different generation and lifestyle, yet, on the flip side, the media has corrupted the minds of kids and adolescents. The trend is particularly noticeable among tech-savvy teenagers that are among the very first folks to know of new emerging platforms. Some individuals adopt fake personalities to demonstrate the world they made it. As an example, thousands of individuals fall victim to cyber crimes and identity theft that is perpetrated online. When many people can argue that it's not that serious and youths are just having fun. Today, lots of individuals are using social media including Facebook, Twitter, Tumbler and so forth. Influence of Social Media Essay Samples and Influence of Social Media Essay Samples - The Perfect Combination The usage of anything with an extreme may lead to negative impacts and societal media is one such entity. Apparently, fame on social media has a significant influence on how an individual perceives their status in actual life also. Thus not only does they influence the thinking of a person but it also affects a person's actions. All things considered, it has to be said that fame on social media influences an individual's life significantly by altering the status in actual life also. Most No ticeable Influence of Social Media Essay Samples The development of electronic communication is just one of the most important accidents to have hit the 21st century. It is simpler to find the impact of audience awareness than the motivational results. Especially, it's important that we understand and regulate the usage of social networking by young children. Put simply, instead of playing a constructive part in our lives, media propagate a destructive part in initiating violence. From the calendar year 2015, statistics reveal that internet surfing was made simpler and simpler. The ease and simplicity of access contributes to social media and network addictions. You might also feel that social media lets you make new friends, but in reality you might never understand who's behind that computer screen. During the last ten years, the access of internet has increased at a quick pace. In truth, it isn't the interest proper. There's a need to have a semblance of control of the sort of information which is accessible to teenagers. Additional it's quite simple to trace anyone using their social networking information, such as place, school attended and workplace. The main reason is that in the event that you select the incorrect subject, you might wind up stuck due to insufficient info. The effect of social media has grown to such a terrific extent that the social networking giant Facebook is among the biggest businesses in the world despite the fact that it didn't even exist at the start of the 21st century. Social networking is likewise an avenue they can utilize to showcase their talents. Therefore, social media offers a variety of opportunities for youths. Clearly they is having a negative impact on our society. Possessing the ideal balance between a social networking network and schoolwork can be accomplished through self-discipline and suitable scheduling. Also, it's a remarkable tool for fostering business. Additional the media making the illusions might be one of the absolute most important responsibilities of contemporary education. At work, there's reduced productivity because folks are busy spending working hours perusing through social networking pages. The analysis was quantitative-descriptive, and employed a brief survey to assemble the evidence that was then utilised to generate success. The media needs to be careful what they broadcast or put in a study because of the truth of the sensitiveness of specific details about where they travel the length of time they are at that location for. The researcher intends to recognize prospective schools that are found in the region of interest. The Ultimate Influence of Social Media Essay Samples Trick In the USA, usage of the web is quite frequent especially amongst the teenage groups, and hence sharing of merchandise is highly convenient. Information is currently shared freely between them both. Folks have the ability to quickly conduct research and gather data on the internet, navigate through websites, and most individuals can find anything online in a matter of seconds thanks to search engines like Google. Video documentation supplied by social media is difficult to deny! Secondly, media news exaggerate information to draw the interest of the general public. It is the most powerful tool of communication. The media is widely employed for communication. If you're writing an argument paper about social networking, you may be inclined to argue the positive facets of social networking. The success of your social websites essay is dependent largely on the subject you decide to write on. In the end, the media play a crucial part in bridging the gap between the government and the general public. Social networking has an important part in international activism, and its relevancy is only going to continue to grow.

Models of Organisational Behaviour Essay Example

Models of Organisational Behaviour Paper MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Introduction Organizations achieve their goals by creating, communicating and operating an organizational behaviour system, as shown in the figure below: Management’s Philosophy ? Values ? Vision ? Mission ? Goals Formal Organization Organizational Culture Social Environment Informal Organization Leadership ? Communication ? Group Dynamics Quality of Work Life Motivation Outcomes: ? Performance ? Employee satisfaction ? Personal growth and development I. Philosophy †¢ †¢ A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The philosophy (model) of organizational behavior held by management consists of an integrated set of assumptions and beliefs about the way things are, the purpose for these activities, and the way should be. The philosophies are sometimes implicit or explicit in the minds of managers. There are five major organizational behavior philosophies: Autocratic Custodial Supportive Collegial System B. Selected Elements of Philosophy Statement †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ We are committed to quality, cost-effectiveness and technical excellence. People should treat each other with consideration, trust and respect. Each person is valuable, is unique and makes a contribution. All employees should be unfailingly committed to excellent performance. Teamwork can and should, produce far more than sum of individual efforts. C. Two Sources of Philosophy of Organizational Behavior †¢ †¢ Fact Premises represent our descriptive view of how the world behaves. They are drawn from both behavioral science research and personal experiences. Value Premises represent our view of desirability of certain goals and activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Value premises are variable beliefs we hold and are therefore under control. II. Values †¢ †¢ The rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong Determine which are more or less important and which is more favorable A. Sample of Statement of Values Harvard University Statement of Values August 2002 Harvard University aspires to provide education and scholarship of the highest quality — to advance the frontiers of knowledge and to prepare individuals for life, work, and leadership. Achieving these aims depends on the efforts of thousands of faculty, students, and staff across the University. 2 Some of us make our contribution by engaging directly in teaching, learning, and research, others of us, by supporting and enabling those core activities in essential ways. Whatever our individual roles, and wherever we work within Harvard, we owe it to one another to uphold certain basic values of the community. These include: Respect for the rights, differences, and dignity of others Honesty and integrity in all dealings Conscientious pursuit of excellence in ones work Accountability for actions and conduct in the workplace The more we embrace these values in our daily lives, the more we create and sustain an environment of trust, cooperation, lively inquiry, and mutual understanding — and advance a commitment to education and scholarship, which all of us share. III. Vision †¢ †¢ †¢ Represents a challenging portrait of what the organization and its members can be -a possible, and desirable, future. Leaders need to create exciting projections about where the organization should go and what major changes lie ahead Once the vision is established, persistent and enthusiastic communication is required to sell it throughout the ranks of employees so they will embrace it with commitment. A. Samples of Vision Statements 1. PSBA Manila To be an institution of world-class education for youth of our country. 2. GMA Network CORPORATE VISION We are the most respected, undisputed leader in the Philippine broadcast industry and the recognized media innovator and pacesetter in Asia. We are the Filipinos’ favorite network. We are the advertisers’ preferred partner. We are the employer of choice in our industry. We provide the best returns to our shareholders. We are a key partner in promoting the best in the Filipino. 3. Procter and Gamble Be, and be recognized as, the best consumer products and services company in the world. 4. SMDC We envision SM Development Corporation to be a leading developer of world-class residences in the Philippines, uplifting Filipino lifestyles into one that is convenient, upscale yet affordable, and environment friendly. B. Mission †¢ †¢ †¢ Identifies the business the organization is in the market niches it tries to serve, the types of customers it is likely to have and the reasons for its existence. Many mission statements even include a brief listing of the competitive advantages, or strengths, or the firm believes it has. Mission statements are more descriptive and less future-oriented. C. Samples of Mi ssion Statements 1. Toyota To sustain profitable growth by providing the best customer experience and dealer support. † 2. Apple Computer 1984 To produce high-quality, low cost, easy to use products that incorporate high technology for the individual. We are proving that high technology does not have to be intimidating for non-computer experts. † IV. Goals †¢ †¢ Goals are relatively concrete formulations of achievements the organization is aiming within set periods of time, such as one to five years. Goal setting is a complex process for top management’s goals need to be merged with those of employees, who bring their psychological, social and economic needs with them to an organization. A. Samples of Goals †¢ †¢ †¢ To establish stronger relationships with 10,000 clients in Metro Manila. To minimize client complaints from 40 down to 5 per month. To increase the student population to 700 within 2 years 4 V. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, Alternative Assumptions About Employees Theory X Theory X assumes that the average person: ? ? ? ? ? Theory Y Theory Y makes the following general assumptions: ? ? Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it. Has no ambition, wants no responsibility, and would rather follow than lead. Is self-centered and therefore does not care about organizational goals. Resists change. Is gullible and not particularly intelligent. ? ? ? Work can be as natural as play and rest. People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs such as selffulfillment. Under these conditions, people will seek responsibility. Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population. Essentially, Theory X assumes that people work only for money and security. Theory X The Hard Approach and Soft Approach Under Theory X, management approaches can range from a hard approach to a soft approach. The hard approach relies on coercion, implicit threats, close supervision, and tight controls, essentially an environment of command and control. The soft approach is to be permissive and seek harmony with the hope that in return employees will cooperate when asked to do so. However, neither of these extremes is optimal. The hard approach results in hostility, purposely low-output, and hard-line union demands. The soft approach results in ever-increasing requests for more rewards in exchange for ever-decreasing work output. The optimal management approach under Theory X probably would be somewhere between these extremes. However, McGregor asserts that neither approach is appropriate because the assumptions of Theory X are not correct. The Problem with Theory X Drawing on Maslows hierarchy, McGregor argues that a satisfied need no longer motivates. Under Theory X the firm relies on money and benefits to satisfy employees lower needs, and once those needs are satisfied the source of motivation is lost. Theory X management styles in fact hinder the satisfaction of higher-level needs. Consequently, the only way that employees can attempt to satisfy their higher level needs in their work is by seeking more compensation, so it is quite predictable that they will focus on monetary rewards. While money may not be the most 5 effective way to self-fulfilment, in a Theory X environment it may be the only way. Under Theory X, people use work to satisfy their lower needs, and seek to satisfy their higher needs in their leisure time. But it is in satisfying their higher needs that employees can be most productive. McGregor makes the point that a command and control environment is not effective because it relies on lower needs as levers of motivation, but in modern society those needs already are satisfied and thus no longer are motivators. In this situation, one would expect employees to dislike their work, avoid responsibility, have no interest in organizational goals, resist change, etc. thus making Theory X a self-fulfilling prophecy. From this reasoning, McGregor proposed an alternative: Theory Y. Theory Y The higher-level needs of esteem and self-actualization are continuing needs in that they are never completely satisfied. As such, it is these higher-level needs through which employees can best be motivated. Under these assumptions, there is an opportunity to align personal goals with organizational goals by using the employees own quest for fulfillment as the motivator. McGregor stressed that Theory Y management does not imply a soft approach. McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops. Theory Y Management Implications If Theory Y holds, the firm can do many things to harness the motivational energy of its employees: Decentralization and Delegation If firms decentralize control and reduce the number of levels of management; each manager will have more subordinates and consequently will be forced to delegate some responsibility and decision making to them. ? ? Job Enlargement Broadening the scope of an employees job adds variety and opportunities to satisfy ego needs. Participative Management Consulting employees in the decision making process taps their creative capacity and provides them with some control over their work environment. Performance Appraisals Having the employee set objectives and participate in the process of evaluating how well they were met. If properly implemen ted, such an environment would result in a high level of motivation as employees work to satisfy their higher level personal needs through their jobs. VI. Paradigms/Framework †¢ †¢ Models such as X and Y are also called paradigms or frameworks of possible explanations about how things work. Any model that a manager holds usually begins with certain assumptions about people and leads to certain implications and even predictions of events. Managerial Paradigms According to Joel Barker †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ They influence managerial perceptions of the world around them. They define one’s boundaries and provide perceptions for how to behave. They encourage resistance to change, since they have worked in the past. They may either consciously or unconsciously affect one’s behavior. When new paradigms appear, they provide alternative ways of viewing the world and solving problems. VII. Five Models of Organizational Behavior Autocratic Basis of Model Power Supportive Economic Resources Custodial Leadership Collegial Partnership System Trust, community, meaning Caring, compassion Psychological ownership Self-motivation Managerial Model Employee orientation Employee psychological result Employee Needs Met Performance result Authority Money Support Teamwork Obedience Security and Benefits Job Performance Responsible Behavior Self-discipline Dependence on Dependence on Participation boss organization Subsistence Security Status and recognition Awakened drives Selfactualization Moderate enthusiasm Wide range Minimum Passive cooperation Passion and commitment to organizational goals 7 A. The Autocratic Model †¢ The autocratic model has its roots in history, and certainly, it became the prevailing model of the industrial revolution. †¢ The autocratic model depends on power. Characteristics of Autocratic Model †¢ Managerial orientation is formal, official authority. The employee orientation is obedience to a boss. †¢ Useful way to accomplish work †¢ It is an acceptable approach to guide managerial behavior when there were no wellknown alternatives, it can be useful during organization crises. B. The Custodial Model †¢ †¢ Custodial model was used during the welfare programs in 1890s and 1900s. The welfare program was later known as paterna lism. Characteristics of Custodial Model †¢ The resulting managerial orientation is toward money to pay wages and benefits. †¢ The employer looks to security needs as a motivating force. This approach leads to employee’s dependence on the organization. C. The Supportive Model †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The supportive model depends on leadership instead of power or money. Through leadership, management provides a climate to help employees grow in the interests of the organization the things of which they are capable of. The management orientation is to support the employee’s job performance This approach leads to a feeling of participation and task involvement in the organization. D. The Collegial Model †¢ †¢ The term â€Å"collegial† relates to a body of people working together cooperatively. A contingency relationship exists in which the collegial model tends to be more useful with unprogrammed work, an intellectual environment and considerable job freedom. Characteristics of Collegial Model †¢ The managerial orientation is towards teamwork. †¢ Management is the coach that builds a better team. †¢ The employee response to this situation is responsibility. E. The System Model 8 †¢ It is the result of higher meaning at work by many of today’s employees; they want more than just a paycheck and job security from their jobs. Characteristics of System Model †¢ The role of a manager becomes one of facilitating employee accomplishments through a variety of actions. †¢ Employees embrace the goal of organizational effectiveness. The employee needs that are met are of highest order (e. g. social status, esteem, autonomy, self-actualization) VIII. Conclusions About the Models Evolving Usage There is no one permanently â€Å"best† model, because what is best is contingent in what is known about human behavior in whatever environment exists at that time. †¢ The primary challenge for management is to identify the model it is actually using and then assess its current effectiveness. A manager has two key tasks—to acquire a new set of values as models evolve and to learn and apply the behavioral skills that are consistent with those values. Relation of Model to Human Needs The five models discussed in this report are closely related to human needs. Each model is built upon the accomplish ment of the other. Increasing Use of Some Models The trend toward the supportive, collegial and systems models will probably continue. Contingent Use of Other Models Though one model maybe used at any given time, some appropriate models will be given at any given time. All five models will still be used; however, an emphasis will be given to newer ones. Managerial Flexibility Managers not only need to identify their current behavioral model but also keep it flexible and current. Managers need to read, think, assess, reflect, interact with others be receptive to the growing needs and be receptive to the challenges to their thinking from their colleagues and employees. 9